题目内容
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By citing the example of the automobile industry, the author intends to argue that
A．Japan’s auto industry is exceeding America’s auto industry.
B．the public schooling has stagnated because of competition.
C．the current American education system is better than the Japanese one.
D．competition must be introduced into the public education system.
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更多“By citing the example of the a…”相关的问题
By citing the example of Darwin, Dr. Wilson intends to show that______.
A．qualitative information is more valuable than quantitative observations
B．it is preferable to take the mutual advantage of science and humanities
C．science has more similarities rather than differences than humanities
D．scientists should base their theory on qualitative information
By citing the fact that "the number had shrunk to 39 out of 220" (Line 3-4, Para.2), the author sug- gests that _______.（）
[A] the poverty in the middle-income countries is alleviated tremendously
[B] the life of children in the middle-income countries has become better
[C] poor people's living conditions don't change although the number reduced
[D] the financial aid to the world's poorest countries achieves great success
Bush’s citing of the achievements of space exploration is mentioned
A．to show unmanned science will be much affected by manned space travel.
B．to demonstrate the reprogramming of NASA’s budget into Mars effort is affordable.
C．to display accomplishments will be made by automated probes.
D．to stress space exploration is and will always be America’s first priority.
Thanks to its simplicity .and measurability, electromagnetic induction is still the technology of choice among many of the remaining companies in the wireless-charging arena. But, as Splashpower found, turning the theory into profitable practice is not straightforward. But lately there have been some promising developments.
The first is the formation in December 2008 of the Wireless Power Consortium, a body dedicated to establishing a common standard for inductive wireless charging, and thus promoting its adoption. The new consortium’s members include big consumer-electronics firms, such as Philips and Sanyo, as well as Texas Instruments, a chipmaker.
Fierce competition between manufacturers of mobile devices is also accelerating the introduction of wireless charging. The star of this year’s Consumer Electronics Show held in Las Vegas was the Pre, a smart-phone from Palm. The Pre has an optional charging pad, called the Touchstone, which uses electromagnetic induction to charge the device wirelessly.
As wireless-charging equipment based on electromagnetic induction heads towards the market, a number of alternative technologies are also being developed. PowerBeam, a start-up based in Silicon Valley, uses lasers to beam power from one place to another.
It now seems to be a matter of when, rather than if, wireless charging enters the mainstream. And if those in the field do find themselves languishing in the disillusionment, they could take some encouragement from Faraday himself. He observed that “nothing is too wonderful to be true if it be consistent with the laws of nature.” Not even a wirelessly rechargeable iPhone.
Why is wireless recharging a depressing promise for experienced observers of the electronics industry？
A．It is not easy to put the theory into profitable production.
B．Wireless recharging needs new theories besides Faraday’s.
C．Wireless recharging can’t make profit for businesses.
D．It is hard to challenge the monopoly of Splashpower.
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that " social epidemics" are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influential, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the "two-step flow of communication" : Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required at all.
The researchers' argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don' t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called "global cascades"—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.
By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to （）.
A.analyze the consequences of social epidemics.
B.discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas.
C.exemplify people' s intuitive response to social epidemics.
D.describe the essential characteristics of influentials.
This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil.
You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.
After all, what is the one modern form. of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness？ Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.
People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.
Today the messages your average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda—to lure us to open our wallets to make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. "Celebrate"! commanded the ads for the arthritis drug, before we found out it could in crease the risk of heart attacks.
What we forget—what our economy depends on is forgetting—is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us as religion once did, memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.
By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that ______.
A．poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music
B．art grow out of both positive and negative feeling
C．poets today are less skeptical of happiness
D．artist have changed their focus of interest
But no paradise is without its paradoxes. In Sweden, the biggest one is this: while the government has done much to improve the lives of women, it has also created a glass ceiling for them that is thicker than that in many other European countries, as well as in the United States. While state funded child care and extremely long and cushy maternity benefits make it easy to be a working mother in Sweden, such benefits also have the effect of dampening female employment in the most lucrative and powerful jobs. In Sweden, more than 50 percent of women who work do so in the public sector—most as teachers, nurses, civil servants, home health aides or child minders, according to the OECD. Compare this to about 30 percent in the U.K. and 19.5 percent in America. "Private-sector employers are less willing to deal with the disruption caused by very long maternity leaves," says Manuela Tomei, a labor sociologist with the International Labor Organization in Geneva. "Gender discrimination in Sweden may be more subtle, but it is very much there."
The link between family-friendly policies and female employment are a hot topic all over the developed world, as birthrates fall and a shortage of skilled labor looms. Europeans have looked to the Nordic countries as a model—longer maternity leaves and state-funded child care must make it easier for women to have careers, or so the conventional wisdom goes. And indeed the system does make it easier for women to hold lower-to-mid level jobs and have children. But as London School of Economics fellow Catherine Hakim notes, policies that raise the birthrate "don't necessarily translate into complete gender equality, particularly in the private sector".
Swedish women are unlikely to hold important managerial positions. A study by former ILO economist Richard Anker using data from 2000 found that while women in the United States held 45.3 percent of managerial positions, their Swedish counter-parts held only 29.2 percent (Britons held 33 percent, Germans 27 percent and Danes 23 percent). And, while the average wage gap between the genders in Sweden is narrow (about 15 percent), it can exceed 40 percent in high-end jobs. And while the gap is closing in other countries, it has held steady in Sweden for most of the last decade.
By citing examples of women employment in Sweden, the author intends to show that
A．Sweden is a land of equality.
B．Sweden ranks top in equality.
C．Europeans and Americans have problems in sexism.
D．Sweden has the largest number of women parliamentarians.
A crucial battle ended this week with a ruling by America's Supreme Court in favour of copyright holder and against two companies that distribute peer-to-peer (P2P) software, which lets users share files online with others. The court's decision, though ostensibly a victory for content providers, is. nevertheless unlikely to stamp out file sharing—much of which will continue from outside America—or stop the technological innovation that is threatening the current business models of media firms.
The court was asked to decide whether two firms, Grokster and StreamCast, were liable for copyright infringement by their customers. Two lower courts had said that the firms were not liable, citing a 1984 ruling in favour of Sony's Betamax video recorder. This held that a technology firm is immune from liability so long as the device concerned is "capable of substantial noninfringing uses". The court did not reinterpret the 1984 decision in light of the Internet. Instead the justices ruled that the case raised a far narrower issue: whether Grokster and StreamCast induced users to violate copyrights and chose not to take the simpie steps available to prevent it. Such behaviour would make the firms clearly liable for copyright infringement and end their immunity, even under the Betamax standard. The court reasoned that there were sufficient grounds to believe that inducement occurred, and sent the case back to lower courts for trial.
Although the Grokster decision will probably not squelch innovation as much as many tech firms fear, it should certainly make IT and electronics firms more cautious about how they market their products—and quite right, too. But the Supreme Court's narrow ruling makes this unlikely—in deed, the justices noted the technology's widespread legitimate use. Yet their decision will surely embolden the entertainment industry to pursue in court any firms that they can claim knowingly allow in fringement; This could kill off some small innovative start-ups. On the other hand, the ruling could also provide legal cover for tech firms with the wit to plaster their products with warnings not to violate the law.
But judged from a long-term perspective, this week's victory for copyright holders seems likely to prove a Pyrrhic one. The Internet and file sharing are disruptive technologies that give consumers vastly more ability to use all sorts of media content, copyrighted or not. Surely entertainment firms must devise ways to use this technology to sell their wares that will also allow copyright to be protected.
So long as technology continues to evolve in ways that enable legitimate content sharing, piracy will also probably continue to some degree. Happily, in this case the piracy seems to have prompted content firms to compete by offering better fee-based services. The challenge for content providers is to use new technology to create value for customers, and to make those who use content illegally feel bad about it.
The ruling of America's Supreme Court
A．indeed hit the piracy industry hard.
B．has little impact on content sharing.
C．may prevent tech firms from innovating.
D．can lead to a flourish of entertainment industry.
Before its stock price sagged 40 percent and both litigators and regulators began circling overhead, Merck invited several journalists to its 415-acre research and development center 30 miles from Philadelphia. As other pharmaceutical investigators can attest, Merck's 10,000 scientists and support personnel here help explain why new drugs often cost so much. Standing in the middle of his $4 million lab, Dr. Graham Smith points to an LCMS Mass Spectrometer that atomizes test compounds and evaluates them for healing properties.
"Of the 1,200 molecules tested here last year," Dr. Smith says, "eight went on to the next step. And not all of those will go on to become drugs." Dr. Smith and his team of analytic chemists fail steadily, on average, for 6 weeks before discovering a potential therapy. Another 32 days usually pass before that happens again.
Merck is not alone in throwing most of its darts straight into the floor. According to John T. Kelly, M.D., of the Washington-based Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, "Only 5 in 5,000 compounds that enter preclinical testing make it to human testing. And only 1 of these 5 tested in people is approved for sale.
Citing Tufts University data, Dr. Kelly added: "On average, it costs a company $802 million to get one new medicine from the laboratory to US patients. This process normally takes 10 to 15 years."
Eliav Bart, M.D., Merck's senior director for clinical research, works on a vaccine to prevent the Human Papillomavirus. Sooner or later, HPV afflicts 50 to 75 percent of sexually active adults. HPV causes genital warts, as well as cancers of the cervix, vulva and anus. So far, tests have found the vaccine 100 percent effective against HPV 16, one of the virus' particularly menacing strains.
None of this comes cheap, either.
"Several hundred people are working on this exclusively around the world for Merck," Dr. Barr says. Consequently, the company has built clinics in Iceland, Peru and Thailand. "Merck put equipment in, and we'll leave it in," Dr. Barr says. This will provide a steady stream of scientific data for obstetricians and gynecologists.
Merck also has built a $100 million structure specifically to manufacture the HPV vaccine. If approved, the drug's price will reflect, in part, this huge up-front investment. But if it fails to secure Food and Drug Administration approval, Merck will be the proud owner of a gleaming, $100 million white elephant. This sunk cost will have to be spread across the rest of Merck's product line. Alternatively, this money could be subtracted from shareholder dividends, employee salaries, or new research and development. These are lame long term strategies. That, and more, adds up.
The vaccine against this ailment is for pharmaceutical companies to teach Americans-starting with Washington's bipartisan political class—a simple but viral truth: Those little pills do not invent themselves.
What Dr. Smith says in the third paragraph indicates that
A．there are many molecules that need to be tested.
B．it will take a long time to invent a new drug.
C．scientists always waste time in discovering an effective cure.
D．researchers are too cautious of the compounds to go ahead faster.
