When faced with the decision of selecting a mode of transportation, the exporter has five basic types available from which to choose, depending, of course, upon the geographicalproximity[1] of the countries of export and import: ocean, air, rail, truck, and inland water. A sixth alternative is pipeline which transports very specialized products. The choice between available methods of transportation is usually determined by a combination of cost , time , and security.
Ocean transportation is by far the most dominant mode of international transportation , and air transport is the most " glamorous" and fastest growing. The significance of the other basic types of international transportation varies depending upon the countries involved. For example,rail and truck shipments do not constitute a significant portion of the export transactions of the United States, except perhaps for those that involve buyers in Canada. In contrast,these transport modes carry large amounts of export goods among the countries of Europe. Similarly,inland waterways are not important carriers of goods between countries except in Europe where waterways such as the Rhine and Danube rivers carry large amounts of goods among the countries through which they flow. Often the use of these relatively less important modes of transport depends upon the nature of specific products in unique geographic situations. The use of trucks to haul fresh produce from northem Mexico to the United States illustrates this practice.
Ocean transportation is widely used because it is a relatively low-cost way to transport goods, and it can easily handle large shipments. In addition, certain geographic conditions may make it impossible to use overland transportation to some foreign markets andinfeasible[2] to use it to others.
Many diverse types of products are being transported to foreign markets by air in large volume-computers, office machines, electrical and electronic equipment, automobile parts, television sets,pharmceuticals[3], certain metal manufactures, and wearing apparel to name but a few. Thus , even with existing technology, it is evident that air cargo movements are no longer confined to fast shipments of emergency supplies, goods of high value , (for example ,jewel) and perishable products (for example , fresh flowers) , although it is widely used for such products. Not only is time in transit reduced from a minimum of 10 days to a few hours, but also less handling and simpler packing requirements are involved.
Time in transit is but one of the so-called hidden costs that may be relevant. For example,concerning time in transit and the ability to put a f'acility to use sooner (thus avoiding lost sales) ,a West German company bought 230hosiery-knitting machines[4] from a US manufacturer. The machines were shipped by air at a cost of USD 224 per unit which was considerably greater than the ocean rate of USD37. 80 per unit. Delivery time was shortened by 10 days giving the Cerman manuf'acturer the opportunity to produce 207 000 pairs of hosiery, which apparently offset the transportation cost.
Small shipments may be sent by intemational parcel post, air parcel post, or air couner service rather than pay the higher minimum bill of lading charges for ocean freight or air shipment. While larger shipments are charged on the basis of weight or measurement,very small shipments are charged a set flat fee because of the costs involved in documentation and handling.
The method of transportation is usually selected by the importer. The route selected for the export shipment may be determined by either the exporter or the importer. In practice , the importer should indicate the route he or she thinks is most desirable. The final selection of the exact route,however,should generally be left to thediscretion[5] of the exporter, since the exporter is more fully acquainted with conditions surrounding the shipment in the country from which it is sent, and particularly the immediate conditions at time of shipment.
[1]接近
[2]不可行的
[3]医药的
[4]针织品编织机
[5]判断力
Questions for reading :
When did the name "Air Jordan" become well-known?
A.After a reporter compared his dunk to flying.
B.After he won the "Most Valuable Player" in NBA
C.In his freshman year in the university.
D.In his first year in NBA
阅读理解:判断题
A passenger told an air hostess that he needed a cup of water to take his medicine when the plane just took off. She told him that she would bring him the water in ten minutes.
The air hostess was kept so busy that she forgot to give him the water. As a result, the passenger was held up to take his medicine. Thirty minutes later, when the passenger's ring for service sounded, she hurried over to him with a cup of water, but he refused.
In the following hours on the plane, each time the air hostess passed by the passenger, she would ask him with a smile whether he needed help or not. But the passenger never answered a word.
When he was going to get off the plane, the passenger asked the air hostess to hand him the passengers' booklet. She was very sad. She knew that he would write down sharp words, but with a smile she handed it to him.
Off the plane, she opened the booklet, and smiled, for the passenger put it. “On the flight, you asked me whether I needed help or not for twelve times in all. How can I refuse your twelve sincere smiles?”
That's right! Who can refuse twelve sincere smiles from a person?
操作提示:句子正确选择下拉选项框为“T”;句子错误选择下拉选项框为“F”。
* A passenger wants a cup of water because he is thirsty. {T、F}
* The air hostess forgot to give him the water on purpose. {T、F}
* The passenger refused the cup of water. {T、F}
* The passenger didn't write down any sharp words. {T、F}
* This passage tells us that a sincere smile is of no use. {T、F}
A.要升级,您可以通过哪种方式查询到客户车辆当前
B.已安装的导航版本信息:ABCD
C.互联驾驶门户网站
D.KEYReader
E.AIR
F.主机导航系统菜单
ACCOUNT NUMBER: 3752-A DATE: 5/8/2009
BUYER'S NAME: BRAD, FISHER
DATE PURCHASED: 4/15/2009
ADDRESS: 2515 SECOND AVE
CITY: PALM BAY STATE: FL ZIP; 32905
WORK PHONE: (321) 722-0795
HOME PHONE: (321) 956 - 2418
DRIVER LIC # : f - 260 - 065 - 3567 -1 DOB: 4/29/1969 SSN # :
212-99-3785
VEHICLE ID# : 1GDU789EOLKS64409 YEAR: 2003
MAKE: Dodge MODEL; Shadow
BODY STYLE. 4 Door COLOR: Aqua
PAYMENTS ARE DUE: 1
(1 = WEEKLY, 2 = BI - WEEKLY, 3 = MONTHLY, 4 = SEMI MONTHLY)
TOTAL PURCHASE PRICE: $6,122.21 TOTAL DOWN PAYMENT: $ 1,500.00 INITIAL BALANCE: $4,622.21 TOTAL PAID ON PURCHASE: $0.00
EACH PAYMENT-. $128.40 LAST PAYMENT DATE; 5/8/2009
NEXT PAYMENT DUE: 5/15/2009
TOTAL PAID ON MISC. CHARGES: $0.00
DECLINING BALANCE: $4,622.21
What is the birth date of Brad Fisher?
A.April 29th, 1969
B.April 15th, 1969
C.May 8th, 1969
D.May 15th, 2009