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Dr. William C. Stokoe, Jr., was the chairman of the English Department at Gallaudet Univer

sity. He saw the way deaf people communicated and was extremely【C1】______. He was a hearing person, and signs of the deaf were totally new to him.

Dr. Stokoe decided to propose a study of sign language. Many other teachers were not interested, and thought Dr. Stokoe was【C2】______to think about studying sign language. Even deaf teachers were not very interested in the project. However, Dr. Stokoe did not give up.【C3】______, he started the Linguistics Research Program in'1957. Stokoe and his two deaf assistants, worked【C4】______this project during the summer and after school. The three【C5】______made films of deaf people signing. The deaf people in the films did not understand【C6】______the research was about and were just trying to be nice to Dr. Stokoe. Many people thought the whole project was silly, but【C7】______agreed with Dr. Stokoe in order to please him.

Stokoe and his【C8】______studied the films of signing. They【C9】______the films and tried to see patterns in the signs. The results of the research were【C10】______: the signs used by all of the signers【C11】______certain linguistic rules.

Dr. Stokoe was the first linguist to test American Sign Language【C12】______a real language. He published the【C13】______ in 1960,but not many people paid attention to the study. Dr. Stokoe was still【C14】______ —he was the only linguist who【C15】______that sign language was more than gestures. He knew it was a language of its own and not just another form. of English.

【C1】

A．ashamed

B．bored

C．interested

D．involved

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第1题

An experiment that some hoped would reveal a new class of subatomic particles, and perhaps

even point to clues about why the universe exists at all, has instead produced a first round of results that are mysteriously inconclusive.

Dr. Conrad and William C. Louis presented their initial findings in a talk yesterday at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory where the experiment is being performed.

The goal was to confirm or refute observations made in the 1990s in a Los Alamos experiment that observed transformations in the evanescent but bountiful particles known as neutrinos(微中子). Neutrinos have no electrical charge and almost no mass, but there are so many of them that they could collectively outweigh all the stars in the universe.

The new experiment has attracted wide interest. That reflected in part the hope of finding cracks in the Standard Model, which encapsulates physicists' current knowledge about fundamental particles and forces.

The Standard Model has proved remarkably effective and accurate, but it cannot answer some fundamental questions, like why the universe did not completely annihilate(毁灭) itself an instant after the Big Bang.

The birth of the universe 13.7 billion years ago created equal amounts of matter and antimatter. Since matter and antimatter annihilate each other when they come in contact, that would have left nothing to coalesce into stars and galaxies. There must be some imbalance in the laws of physics that led to a slight preponderance of matter over antimatter, and that extra bit of matter formed everything in the visible universe.

The imbalance, some physicists believe, may be hiding in the dynamics of neutrinos.

Neutrinos come in three known types, or flavors. And they can change flavor as they travel. But the neutrino transformations reported in the Los Alamos data do not fit the three-flavor model, suggesting four flavors of neutrinos, if not more.

The new experiment sought to count the number of times one flavor of neutrino, called a muon(μ介子), turned into another flavor, an electron neutrino.

For most of the neutrino energy range they looked at, the scientists did not see any more electron neutrinos than would be predicted by the Standard Model. That ruled out the simplest ways of interpreting the Los Alamos neutrino data, Dr. Conrad and Dr. Louis said.

But at the lower energies, the scientists did see more electron neutrinos than predicted: 369, rather than the predicted 273. That may simply mean that some calculations are off. Or it could point to a subtler interplay of particles, known and unknown.

Dr. Louis said he was surprised by the results". I was sort of expecting a clear excess or no excess", he said. "In a sense, we got both".

It can be inferred from Paragraph 1 that the" initial findings" of Dr. Conrad and Louis are ______.

A．a new class of subatoms.

B．new subatomic particles.

C．new characters of neutrinos.

D．none of the above.

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第2题

Humans have altered the world's climate by （1)_____ heat-trapping gases since almost the b

Humans have altered the world's climate by (1)_____ heat-trapping gases since almost the beginning of civilization and even prevented the start of an ice age several thousand years ago, a scientist said.

Most scientists (2)_____ a rise (3)_____ global temperatures over the past century (4)_____ to emissions of carbon dioxide (5)_____ human activities like driving cars and operating factories.

Dr. William Ruddiman, a professor at the University of Virginia, said at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (6)_____ humans' effect (7)_____ climate went back nearly 10, 000 years (8)_____ people gave up hunting and gathering and began farming.

In a commentary accompanying the article, Dr. Thomas J. Crowley of Duke University, said he (9)_____ Dr. Ruddiman's premise at first. "But when I started reading, Dr. Crowley wrote, "I could not help but (10)_____ whether he just might be (11)_____ something."

The climate of the last 10,000 years has been unusually stable, (12)_____ civilization to flourish. But that is only because people chopped down swaths of forest in Europe, China and India for croplands and pastures. Carbon dioxide (13)_____ by the destruction of the forests, plus methane, another heat-trapping gas, (14)_____ by irrigated rice fields in Southeast Asia, trapped enough heat to (15)_____ an expected natural cooling.

Levels of carbon dioxide and methane rise and fall in natural cycles (16)_____ thousands of years, and both reached a peak at the end of the last ice age 11;000 years ago. Both then declined (17)_____ expected.

Both (18)_____ declining through the present day, leading to lower temperatures, and a new ice age should have begun 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, Dr. Ruddiman said. Instead, levels of carbon dioxide reversed 8,000 wears ago. The decline (19)_____ methane levels reversed 5,000 years ago, (20)_____ with the advent of irrigation rice farming.

A．generating

B．generated

C．originating

D．originated

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第3题

Which of the following kings was responsible for the complete establishment of the feud

al system in England？

A. Edward I B. Henry II

C. Alfred the Great D. William the Conqueror

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第4题

Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by c

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

William Shakespeare described old age as "second childishness"—sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste. In the case of taste he may, musically speaking, have been even more perceptive than he realized. A paper in Neurology by Giovanni Frisoni and his colleagues at the National Centre for Research and Care of Alzheimer's Disease in Brescia, Italy, shows that one form. of senile dementia can affect musical desires in ways that suggest a regression, if not to infancy, then at least to a patient's teens.

Frontotemporal dementia is caused, as its name suggests, by damage to the front and sides of the brain. These regions are concerned with speech, and with such "higher" functions as abstract thinking and judgment. Frontotemporal damage therefore produces different symptoms from the loss of memory associated with Alzheimer's disease, a more familiar dementia that affects the hippocampus and amygdala in the middle of the brain. Frontotemporal dementia is also rarer than Alzheimer's. In the past five years the centre in Brescia has treated some 1,500 Alzheimer's patients; it has seen only 46 with frontotemporal dementia.

Two of those patients interested Dr. Frisoni. One was a 68-year-old lawyer, the other a 73-year-old housewife. Both had undamaged memories, but displayed the sorts of defect associated with frontotemporal dementia—a diagnosis that was confirmed by brain scanning.

About two years after he was first diagnosed, the lawyer, once a classical music lover who referred to pop music as "mere noise", started listening to the Italian pop band "883". As his command of language and his emotional attachments to friends and family deteriorated, he continued to listen to the band at full volume for many hours a day. The housewife had not even had the lawyer's love of classical music, having never enjoyed music of any sort in the past. But about a year after her diagnosis she became very interested in the songs that her 11-year-old granddaughter was listening to.

This kind of change in musical taste was not seen in any of the Alzheimer's patients, and thus appears to be specific to those with frontotemporal dementia. And other studies have remarked on how frontotemporal dememia patients sometimes gain new talents. Five sufferers who developed artistic abilities are known. And in another lapse of musical taste, one woman with the disease suddenly started composing and singing country and western songs.

Dr. Frisoni speculates that the illness is causing people to develop a new attitude towards novel experiences. Previous studies of novelty-seeking behavior. suggest that it is managed by the brain's right frontal lobe. A predominance of the right over the left frontal lobe, caused by damage to the latter, might thus lead to a quest for new experience. Alternatively, the damage may have affected some specific neural circuit that is needed to appreciate certain kinds of music. Whether that is a gain or a loss is a different matter. As Dr. Frisoni puts it in his article, De Gustibus Non Disputandum Est. Or, in plainer words, there is no accounting for taste.

For Shakespeare, old age as "second childishness" for they have the same______.

A．favorite

B．memory

C．experience

D．sense

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第5题

According to the text, Dr. Singer\'s attitude to male revenge impulse is ________.A

According to the text, Dr. Singer\'s attitude to male revenge impulse is ________.

A. sympathetic

B. detached

C. positive

D. negative

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第6题

Now Dr. Ross is bringing a welcomed medical revolution to the world_________ so m

any people need it.

A． that

B． where

C． how

D． which

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第7题

Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control.

In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise"—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line". And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, "It's your dream", says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center, "If you don't like it, change it".

Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep—when most vivid dreams occur—as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh, But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the "emotional brain") is especially active, while the pre frontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day", says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.

The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events—until, it appears, we begin to dream.

And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recur ring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.

At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of "we wake up in a panic", Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep—or rather dream—on it and you'll feel better in the morning.

Researchers have come to believe that dreams ______.

A．can be modified in their courses

B．are susceptible to emotional changes

C．reflect our innermost desires and fears

D．are a random outcome of neural repairs

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第8题

Dr. Singer thinks men are more suitable to maintain justice and issue punishment th

an women because _______ .

A. men's brain's empathy centers remained dull when punishment was executed

B. women's pleasure centers were lit up with punishment implemented

C. men have no response when seeing punishment executed

D. men had different experiences from women

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第9题

Passage Five Hollywood （好莱坞) is a suburb of the city of Los Angeles （洛杉矶) in Ca

Passage Five

Hollywood (好莱坞) is a suburb of the city of Los Angeles (洛杉矶) in California. Until 1908 it was no more than a quiet village on the northern side of the city, but in that year William Selig, one of the first people to make films, set up a film-producing workshop (车间) in Los Angeles. By 1911 , David and William Horsely had set up another one in Hollywood, and at about the same time oil was discovered in the neighborhood. Thus Hollywood quickly became a big district given over to the film industry and to oil wells

The early makers of films found Hollywood a good place for their work because of its clear, sunny, rain-free weather, which allowed pictures to be taken all the year round. Also, it was known that every kind of scene needed for films, whether town, country, sea, desert or snow-capped mountains, could be found within the area of California. Today, when most films can be "shot" (拍摄) under cover by man made lighting, these advantages (优点) are not so important.

In spite of a drop in its importance, Hollywood remains a center of film production although now making more films for television than for the cinema.

52. David and William Horsely ______.

A. were the first to set up a film-producing workshop in Hollywood

B. discovered oil in and around Hollywood

C. followed William Selig to Hollywood and settled down there

D. turned Hollywood into a film producing center of the country

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第10题

People, like most animals, are naturally lazy. So the ascent of mankind is something of a

mystery. Humans who make their livings hunting and gathering in the traditional way do not have to put much effort into it. Farmers who rely on rain to water their crops work significantly harder, and lead unhealthier lives. But the real back-breaking is that carried out by farmers who use irrigation. Yet it was the invention of irrigation, at first sight so harmful to its practitioners that actually produced a sufficient surplus to feed the priests, scholars, artists and so on whose activities are collectively thought of as "civilization".

In the past 10,000 years, the world's climate has become temporarily colder and drier on several occasions. The first of these, known as the Younger Dryas, after a tundra-loving plant that thrived during it, occurred at the same time as the beginning of agriculture in northern Mesopotamia. It is widely believed that this was not a coincidence. The drying and cooling of the Younger Dryas adversely affected the food supply of hunter-gatherers. That would have created an incentive for agriculture to spread once some bright spark invented it.

Why farmers then moved on to irrigation is, however, far from clear. But Harvey Weiss, of Yale University, thinks he knows. Dr. Weiss observes that the development of irrigation coincides with a second cool, dry period, some 8,200 years ago. His analysis of rainfall patterns in the area suggests that rainfall in agriculture's upper-Mesopotamian heartland would, at this time, have fallen below the level needed to sustain farming reliably. Farmers would thus have been forced out of the area in search of other opportunities.

Once again, an innovative spark was required. But it clearly occurred to some of these displaced farmers that the slow-moving waters of the lower Tigris and Euphrates, near sea level, could be diverted using canals and used to water crops. And the rest, as the cliché has it, is history.

So climate change helped to intensify agriculture, and thus start civilization. But an equally intriguing idea is that the spread of agriculture caused climate change. In this case, the presumed criminal is forest clearance. Most of the land cultivated by early farmers in the Middle East would have been forested. When the trees that grew there were cleared, the carbon they contained ended up in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Moreover, one form. of farming—the cultivation of rice in waterlogged fields—generates methane, in large quantities. William Ruddiman, of the University of Virginia, explained that, in combination, these two phenomena had warmed the atmosphere prior to the start of the industrial era. As environmentalists are wont to observe, mankind is part of nature. These studies show just how intimate the relationship is.

The invention of irrigation is meaningful because it could help to

A．alleviate farmers' workload.

B．increase agricultural production.

C．make planting much easier.

D．get rid of human laziness.

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