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Humans have altered the world's climate by （1)_____ heat-trapping gases since almost the b

Humans have altered the world's climate by (1)_____ heat-trapping gases since almost the beginning of civilization and even prevented the start of an ice age several thousand years ago, a scientist said.

Most scientists (2)_____ a rise (3)_____ global temperatures over the past century (4)_____ to emissions of carbon dioxide (5)_____ human activities like driving cars and operating factories.

Dr. William Ruddiman, a professor at the University of Virginia, said at a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (6)_____ humans' effect (7)_____ climate went back nearly 10, 000 years (8)_____ people gave up hunting and gathering and began farming.

In a commentary accompanying the article, Dr. Thomas J. Crowley of Duke University, said he (9)_____ Dr. Ruddiman's premise at first. "But when I started reading, Dr. Crowley wrote, "I could not help but (10)_____ whether he just might be (11)_____ something."

The climate of the last 10,000 years has been unusually stable, (12)_____ civilization to flourish. But that is only because people chopped down swaths of forest in Europe, China and India for croplands and pastures. Carbon dioxide (13)_____ by the destruction of the forests, plus methane, another heat-trapping gas, (14)_____ by irrigated rice fields in Southeast Asia, trapped enough heat to (15)_____ an expected natural cooling.

Levels of carbon dioxide and methane rise and fall in natural cycles (16)_____ thousands of years, and both reached a peak at the end of the last ice age 11;000 years ago. Both then declined (17)_____ expected.

Both (18)_____ declining through the present day, leading to lower temperatures, and a new ice age should have begun 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, Dr. Ruddiman said. Instead, levels of carbon dioxide reversed 8,000 wears ago. The decline (19)_____ methane levels reversed 5,000 years ago, (20)_____ with the advent of irrigation rice farming.

A．generating

B．generated

C．originating

D．originated

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更多“Humans have altered the world'…”相关的问题

第1题

Humans have been exploring the outer space _____we first stepped on the moon.

A.when

B.since

C.for

D.once

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第2题

根据下列短文，回答下列各题。 The unique human habit of taking in and employing animals--ev

en competitors like wolves--spurred on human tool-making and language, which have both driven humanitys success, Pat Shipman says, paleoanthropologist of Penn State University. "Wherever you go in the world, whatever ecosystem (生态系统), whatever culture, people live with animals," Shipman said. For early humans, taking in and caring for animals would seem like a poor strategy for survival. "On the face of it, you are wasting your resources. So this is a very weird behavior," Shipman said. But its not so weird in the context something else humans were doing about 2.6 million years ago: switching from a mostly vegetarian diet to one rich in meat. This happened because humans invented stone hunting tools that enabled them to compete with other top predators. Quite a rapid and bizarre switch for any animal. So we invented the equipment, learned how to track and kill, and eventually took in animals who also knew how to hunt--like wolves and other canines. Others, like goats, cows and horses, provided milk, hair and, finally, hides and meat. Managing all of these animals--or just tracking them--requires technology, knowledge and ways to preserve and convey information. So languages had to develop and evolve to meet the challenges. Tracking game has even been argued to be the origin of scientific inquiry, said Peter Richerson, professor emeritus (名誉退休的) in the Department of Environmental Science and Policy at the University of California, Davis. One of the signs that this happened is in petroglyphs (史前岩画) and other rock art left by ancient peoples. At first they were abstract, geometric patterns that are impossible to decipher (破译). Then they converge on one subject: animals. There have also been genetic changes in both humans and our animals. For the animals those changes developed because human bred them for specific traits, like a cow that gives more mill or a hen that lays more eggs. But this evolutionary influence works both ways. Dogs, for instance, might have been selectively taken in by humans who shared genes for more compassion, Those humans then prospered with the dogs help in hunting and securing their homes. What do we learn from the first paragraph about animals？

A.Animals have driven humanitys success.

B.Tool-making and language are uniquely human habits.

C.Employing wolves is uniquely human habit.

D.People live with animals everywhere.

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第3题

Which one of the following is true about ostracism？A．It is a problem only experienced by c

Which one of the following is true about ostracism？

A．It is a problem only experienced by children.

B．Only humans will ever have such behaviors.

C．Children learn about ostracism from their parents.

D．Children can learn to use ostracism by themselves.

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第4题

The point of the restorationist Critique of preservationism is the claim that it rests on

an unhealthy dualism that conceives nature and humankind as radically distinct and opposed to each other. Dissatisfaction with dualism has "for some time figured prominently in the unhappiness of environmentalists with mainstream industrial society." However, the writings of the restorationists themselves—particularly, William Jordan and Frederick Turner-offer little evidence to support' this accusation. In their view, preservationists are filled with the same basic mind-set as the industrial mainstream, the only difference being that the latter ranks humans over nature while the former elevates nature over humans. While it is perhaps puzzling that Jordan and Turner do not see that there is no logic that requires dualism as a philosophical basis for preservation, more puzzling is the sharpness and ruthlessness of their attack on preservationists, reinforced by the fact that they offer little, if any, criticism of those who have robbed the natural world.

The crucial question, however, about the restorationist outlook has to do with the degree to which the restorationist program is itself faithful to the first principle of restoration: that nature and humanity are fundamentally united rather than separate. Rejecting the old domination model, which sees humans as over nature, restoration theory supports a model of community participation. Yet some of the descriptions that Jordan and Turner give of what restorationists are actually up to—for example, Turner's description of humans as "the lords of creation", or Jordan's statement that "the fate and well being of the biosphere depend ultimately on us and our relationship with it"—are not consistent well with the community—participation model.

Another holistic model namely, that of nature as an organism—might be more serviceable to the restorationists. As with the community model, the "organic" model pictures nature as a system of interconnected parts. A fundamental difference, however, is that in an organism the parts are wholly useful to the life of the organism. If we could think of the biosphere as a single living organism and could identify humans with the brain (or the DNA), or control center, we would have a model that more closely fits the restorationists view.

However, to consider humans as the control center of the living earth is to attribute to them a dominating role in nature. Is this significantly different from the old-fashioned domination model？ In both systems humans hold the place of highest authority and power in the world. Also neither view recognizes any limits to the scope and range of reasonable human manipulation in the world. This does not mean that there are no restrictions, only beneficial manipulation, should be undertaken. But it does not mean that nothing is off-limits. A further parallel is that, because the fate of the world rests on humans, they must have a clear idea of what needs to be done. There are also important differences between the two theories. For example, restorationists no longer view the world in the old dominationist way as a passive object. And though both assign to humans a controlling role in the world, dominationists conceive this in terms of conquest while restorationists conceive it in terms of healing. Also, restorationists insist that the ideas which must serve to guide our work in the world are drawn not solely from a consideration of human needs and purposes but from an understanding of the biosphere; as a result, they are more conscious than dominationists of our capacity to human nature.

The author would probably agree that preservationists______.

A．are not critical engugh of those who have robbed the natural world

B．base their ideas on an unhealthy dualism

C．have the same basic mind-set as the industrial mainstream

D．have been unfairly criticized by restorationists

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第5题

（41~45) Researchers have found that drugs used to treat human seizures can delay aging in

(41~45) Researchers have found that drugs used to treat human seizures can delay aging in worms by as much as 50 percent. The roundworms used for the study are similar to humans in their molecular makeup, raising the

possibility that the drugs could also extend the life span of humans。

第41题：“By finding a class of drugs that delays aging we have found a relationship between the function of the nervous system and aging that was not well understood, ” said Kerry Komfeld, a geneticist at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri. The findings are detailed this week in the journal Science。 The discovery came out of the thesis work by one of Komfeld’s graduate students, Kimberley Evason. About four years ago, Evason began exposing groups of the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans to commercially available drugs to see if the drugs would delay aging or promote longevity。

A. But Komfeld said scientists will not know about the applicability of the drugs in humans until a similar study is done on humans. “What’s very encouraging is that these drugs were developed to treat humans, and they are well understood, because they’ve been used for a long time, ” he said。

B. Later the scientists discovered that two related anticonvulsant drugs also lengthened the lives of the worms-in the case of one drug, by almost 50 percent. “This was a big surprise to use, Komfeld said. ”“We didn’t think anticonvulsant drugs had any particular relationship to aging. That connection was completely unexpected. ”

C. Roundworms are a poor subject for experiments, because they are not like humans, even though their molecules are similar. For example, they have no bones, nor do they show emotions, making it difficult to know how exactly human subjects would react to these drugs in large quantities. However, using the worms allows experiments to be conducted quickly, because they do not live for long。

D. “Somehow the neural activity seems to regulate the aging of all of the body the skin, musculature, and reproductive tract, ” Kornfeld said. “Somehow the nervous system coordinates the progress of all these tissues, evidently, though the life stages. But we don’t know how it does that. ”

E. The discovery may also shed light on the little-understood aging process. Since the drugs act on the neuromuscular systems of both humans and worms, the findings hint at a link between neural activity and aging。

F. Unlike vertebrates, the worms are ideal subjects for the study of aging because of their short life spans, which last only a couple of weeks in a laboratory. The worm is well known in genetics, and the worm’s genome has been sequenced。

G. Use of this drug has been permitted by law since 1998 and wider use is now expected as a result of the studies. “We can clearly link this drug with human aging, but we still need to find proof, says Kornfeld optimistically. ”

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第6题

Do other animals besides humans cry？ The answer to the question is ‘Yes, and no’. All

animals with mobile eyes have the ability to cry, just as we humans do. They have a tearing system that keeps their eyes wet so as to protect them from dry sand, dusts, and other elements. People often tell tales of animals such as elephants and dogs weeping when punished. However, even if such an animal does shed tears, there is no scientific evidence that the animal is expressing the tear-related emotions similar to those when humans cry. But what about when a baby chimp or ape whimpers and screams when it’s being separated from its mother, can we say with some certainty that the animal is crying？ Taking away the babies does encourage care-giving such as feeding and protecting from the mother apes, but it is uncertain whether the baby apes feel the same way as baby humans do when they cry. In fact, it’s not clear that crying and other emotional displays mean exactly the same thing to all humans. For instance, there is a wide range of emotions that prompt people to cry, and some kinds of weeping, such as crying at a stranger’s wedding, seem to be cultural responses. In addition, some people are autistic. That means they prefer being alone than being with other people, especially in large crowds. These people are said to have less ability in expressing their emotions, but research also has shown that it’s more that their expressions and their reactions to the emotional expressions of others are unusual. Different. But does that mean that their sadness is different somehow？ So even if apes can be said with some certainty to be feeling emotions, then there is the problem of figuring out to what extent what they feel resembles what humans feel.

10.What does the author mean by “Yes, and no” in line 1, paragraph 1？

A. Other animals besides humans cry

B. No other animals besides humans cry

C. Animals cry but do not cry like humans

D. Animals cry but humans do not cry

11.Which of the following statement is true？

A. All animals have mobile eyes

B. All animals have a tearing system

C. Tearing system keeps animals’ eyes wet

D. Animals cry when being punished

12.Baby chimps or apes cry because__________.

A. they are being separated from their mothers

B. the reason is not clear

C. they feel the same way as baby humans do

D. they need to be fed and protected

13.Why human beings cry？

A. There a wide range of reasons.

B. People cry because they attend a stranger’s wedding.

C. Crying means exactly the same thing to all humans.

D. Because of cultural responses.

14.It can be inferred from the passage that __________.

A. it is uncertain to say to what extent apes feel the same emotions as humans

B. it is sure that apes can feel emotions

C. some people prefer being alone because they’re not good at communication

D. people’s emotions are different

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第7题

Sharks are fish. There are about 350 species of sharks. The smallest sharks are only 12. 5

cm long. The largest, the whale shark, is the world's largest fish. It grows to about 1Sm long.

Sharks are different from other fish. For example, other fish have skeletons made of hard bones. Sharks have skeletons made of cartilage. In addition, most fish have a special organ called a swim bladder to stop them from sinking but sharks do not. If a shark does not swim constantly, it sinks. Shark babies grow inside eggs. The baby sharks are called pups.

Most sharks eat fish. Some also eat seals and other sharks. Many people are afraid of sharks be cause of their reputation as' man-eaters'. However, there are fewer than one hundred shark attacks on humans in the world each year.

Humans are the sharks' worst enemies. Fishermen kill them because of their valuable dorsal fins. Often, they catch a shark, cut off its fin and throw it back into the sea. If a shark has no fin, it dies because it cannot swim. Scientists believe that humans kill more than one million sharks every year.

Sharks are ______.

A．humans' friends

B．man's enemies

C．the world's largest fish

D．not the same as other fish

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第8题

Humans are unique in the extent to which they can reflect on themselves and others. Humans

are able to (21) , to think in abstract terms, to reflect on the future. A meaningless, (22) world is an insecure world. We do not like extensive insecurity. When it (23) to human behavior. we infer meaning and (24) to make the behavior. understandable.

(25) all this means is that people develop "quasi theories" of human behavior, that is, theories that are not developed in a (an) (26) , scientific manner. When doing so, people believe they know (27) humans do the things they do.

Let's consider an example. In the United States people have been (28) with the increasing amount of crime for several years. The extent of crime bothers us; we ourselves could be victims. But it (29) bothers us that people behave in such ways. Why can such things happen？ We develop quasi theories. We (30) concerned about the high crime rate, but we now believe we (31) it: our criminal justice system is (32) ; people have grown selfish and inconsiderate as our moral values weaken (33) the influence of liberal ideas; too many people are (34) drugs. These explanations suggest possible solutions. (35) the courts; put more people in jail as examples to other lawbreaker. There is now hope that the problem of crime can be solved if only we (36) these solutions. Again, the world is no longer meaningless nor (37) so threatening. These quasi theories (38) serve a very important function for us. But how accurate are they？ How (39) will the suggested solutions be？ These questions must be answered with (40) to how people normally go about developing or attaining their quasi theories of human behavior.

A．reason

B．consider

C．understand

D．regard

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第9题

Human' s Hands Archaeological records--paintings, drawings, and drawings of humans engaged

Human' s Hands

Archaeological records--paintings, drawings, and drawings of humans engaged in activities involving the use of hands--indicate that humans have been predominantly right - handed for more than 5,000 years. In ancient Egyptian artwork, for example, the fight-hand is depicted us the dominant one in about 90 per- cent of the examples. Fracture or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient people were fight - handed.

Cro - Magnon cave paintings some 27,000 years old commonly show outlines of human hands made by placing one hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the other. Children today make similar. out- lines of their hands with crayons on paper. With few exceptions, left hands of Cro-Manganese are displayed on cave wails, indicating that the paintings were usually done by right-handers.

Anthropological evidence pushes the record of' handedness nearly human ancestors back to at least 1.4 million years ago. One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone cores used in toolmaking: implements flaked with a clockwise motion (indicating a right -handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from those flaked with a counter- clockwise rotation (indicating a left- handed toolmaker).

Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives, as do the present - day Inuit. Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on the users' teeth. Scratches made with a left - to - right stroke direction (by right- handers) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by lefthanders).

Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical differences between the right and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle physical differences between the two sides of the brain. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which Side of the body is used to perform. specific activities. Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right - or left - sided dominance is not exclusive to modern Homo sapiens. Populations of Neanderthals, such as Homo erects and Homo habilis, seem to have been predominantly right -handed, as we are.

What is the main idea of the passage？

A．Human ancestors became predominantly right- handed when they began to use tools.

B．It is difficult to interpret the significance of anthropological evidence concerning tool use.

C．Human and their ancestors have been predominantly right - handed for over a million years.

D．Human ancestors were more skilled at using both hands than modern humans.

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第10题

Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segm

Part C

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET II. (10 points)

Do animals have rights.'？ This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground clearing way to start. 46) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 47) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people—4or instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations.

In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says "I don' t like this contract" ？

The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. 48 ) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consider- ation humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all？

Many deny it. 49) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.

This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely "logical". In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form. of moral reasoning—the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. 50)When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind' s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

46.____________________

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