题目内容
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In all cultures, women are generally seen _________to nature than men.
A． as close
B． closer
C． as closely
D． closely
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A.The control process should be identical across all organizational geographic areas
B.All cultures tend to respond similarly to control systems
C.Managers of foreign operations tend to be less closely controlled by the home office
D.Technologically advanced nations tend to use indirect control devices
E.Less technologically advanced nations tend to be highly decentralized
［A］ all cultures encourage male aggression and noncompliance
［B］ boys are always involved in their parents’ fights
［C］ males are usually viewed as the models in self-control and strong will
［D］ boys are basically more self-disciplined than girls
In Paragraph 1, the author implies that______.
A．people usually think language is only used to communicate ideas
B．the exchange about health or the weather is a universal topic
C．people will always say something when facing embarrassment
D．the example of Mrs. P and Mrs. Q is common in all cultures
From the third paragraph, we may infer that_____.
［A］ traditional cultural heritage is worthy of preservation
［B］ the universal features shared by all cultures aren’t worthy of notice
［C］ musicians pay more attention to the preservation of traditional music
［D］ the more developed a culture, the more valuable the music it has fostered
In all these cultures, there is a practice of making noise. People made noise in ancient times to drive away the evil spirits (妖精) from their homes. Today making noise is more of a custom than a religious ritual(宗教仪式).
In the United States, many people stay up until midnight on New Year's Eve to watch the clock pass from one year to the next. Friends often gather together at a party on New Year's Eve, and when the new year comes, all ring bells, blow whistles, sing songs, and kiss each other. A favorite Scottish song which everyone sings together is Auld Lang Syne. The words tell of old friends and good times.
In all cultures, New Year's Day is a time when people think of new beginnings. They want to make the coming year better than the last one.. Many people in the United States make New Year resolutions. These are specific promises that they make to improve their behavior, change their habits, and become better people. There are many jokes about how a person keeps his or her New Year resolutions.
Is it true, according to the passage, that people all over the world celebrate New Year on January 1st？
A．Yes.
B．No, only the Europeans and North Americans do so.
C．It isn't mentioned.
D．No, only the Romans did so.
In all these cultures, there is a practice of making noise. People made noise in ancient times to drive away the evil spirits (妖精) from their homes. Today making noise is more of a custom than a religious rim
In the United States, many people stay up until midnight on New Year's Eve to watch the clock pass from one year to the next. Friends often gather together at a party on New Year's Eve, and when the new year comes, all ring bells, blow' whistles, sing songs, and kiss each other. A favorite Scottish song which everyone sings together is Auld Lang Sync. The words tell of old friends and good times.
In all cultures, New Year's Day is a time when people think of new beginnings. They want to make the coming year better than the last one. Many people in the United States make New Year resolutions. These are specific promises that they make to improve their behavior, change their habits, and become better people. There are many jokes about how a person keeps his or her New Year resolutions.
In ancient times, the practice of making noise was meant ______.
A．to keep the evil spirits away
B．to have fun
C．to celebrate the coming of the new year
D．to keep to a custom
Passage Four
Every culture and every country in the world celebrates New Year, but not everyone does it the same way. The countries in North America and Europe welcome New Year on January the first. This practice began with the Romans in the Middle East, New Year is when spring begins. People in China and Vietnam celebrate it on the first day of the Spring Festival, which is the first day of their calendar based on the moon. Rosh Hashana, which is the Jewish (犹太人的) New Year, comes at the end of summer. The Hindus (印度教教徒 ) in India celebrate the first day of each season, so they have four New Years.
In all these cultures, there is a practice of making noise. People made noise in ancient times to drive away the evil spirits (妖精) from their homes. Today making noise is more of a custom than a religious rim
In the United States, many people stay up until midnight on New Year's Eve to watch the clock pass from one year to the next. Friends often gather together at a party on New Year's Eve, and when the new year comes, all ring bells, blow' whistles, sing songs, and kiss each other. A favorite Scottish song which everyone sings together is Auld Lang Sync. The words tell of old friends and good times.
In all cultures, New Year's Day is a time when people think of new beginnings. They want to make the coming year better than the last one. Many people in the United States make New Year resolutions. These are specific promises that they make to improve their behavior, change their habits, and become better people. There are many jokes about how a person keeps his or her New Year resolutions.
48. In ancient times, the practice of making noise was meant ______.
A. to keep the evil spirits away
B. to have fun
C. to celebrate the coming of the new year
D. to keep to a custom
Part B (10 points)
Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. (41) ______
American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modern anthropology—the scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefs—thus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. (42) ______
In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. (43) ______
Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. (44) ______
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. (45) ______
Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.
A. Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.
B. In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.
C. He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies,
D. They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.
E. Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.
F. Supporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.
G. For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
An owl(猫头鹰) is a bird. There are two basic types of owls: typical owls and barn owls. Owls live in almost every country of the world.
Owls are mostly nocturnal, meaning they are awake at night. Owls are predators——they hunt the food that they eat. Owls hunt for mice and other small mammals, insects, and even fish. Owls are well adapted for hunting. Their soft feathers make their flight nearly silent. They have very good hearing, which helps them to hunt well in the darkness. The sharp hooked beaks and claws of the owl make it very easy to tear apart prey quickly, although owls also eat some prey whole.
Owl eyes are unusual. Like most predators, both of the owl's eyes face front. The owl cannot move its eyes. Owls are far-sighted, which means they can see very well far away, but they can't see up close very well at all. Fortunately, their distant vision is what they use for hunting, and they can see far away even in low light.
Owl can turn their heads 180 degrees. This makes it look like they might be able to turn their heads all the way around, but 180 degrees is all the owl needs to see what's going on all around him.
(66) Perhaps because of the owl's mysterious appearance, especially its round eyes and flexible neck, there are a lot of myths and superstitions (迷信) about owls. Many cultures believe that owls are unusually wise. Because owls are nocturnal, some cultures associate owls with bad omens. However, owls probably do not interact with the fates of humans at all. In fact, some owl species may become extinct because of humans.
Which of the following is NOT true about owls？
A．Owls eat small animals.
B．Owls are able to fly silently.
C．Owls have very poor vision.
D．Owls have flexible necks.
Given the inclination toward change, it is not surprising that tradition plays a limited role in the American culture. Those who try to uphold traditional pattern of living or thought may be seen as rigid or "old-fashioned". In a society where change is so rapid, it is not uncommon for every generation to experience a "generation gap". Sometimes parents struggle to understand the values of their children, even religious institutions have had to adapt to contemporary need of their followers. Folk singers in church services, women religious leaders, slang versions of the Bible, all reflect attempts made by traditional institutions to "keep up with the times".
High rates of change, particularly in urban areas, have contributed to a focus on the future rather than the past or present. Some Americans believe that the benefits of the future orientation are achievement and progress which enable them to have a high standard of living. Others believe that high blood pressure and stomach ulcers are the results of such a life style.
As individuals in a culture, we all have an intuitive understanding about how time is regulated, usually we do not think about the concept of time until we interact with others who have a different time orientation. Although individuals from any now cultures may view time similarly, we often sense that in another culture, life seems to proceed at either a slower or faster pace. Knowing how time is regulated, divided, and perceived can provide valuable insights into individuals and their culture.
The American orientation toward the future might be demonstrated by ______.
A．the presence of religious institutions
B．the preference for "old-fashioned" parents
C．the limited role of tradition
D．the presence of folk singers in church services
