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更多“ Explain the two opes of probl…”相关的问题
A) The penny which doubles itself every day for one month.
B) The time span of at least two million years in human history.
C) An illustration of the exponential growth rate given by the author.
D) The large amount of money you would luckily make after the fourth week.
A．The penny that doubles itself every day for one month
B．The time span of at least two million years in human history
C．An illustration of the exponent growth rate given by the author
D．The large amount of money you would luckily make after the fourth week
Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have been developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often referred to as " nature/nurture".
Two who support the" nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior. patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior. is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior. is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
Proponents of the " nurture" theory, or as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior. is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimulus as the basis of their behavior.
Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior. lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.
Which of the following statements would supporters of the" nature" theory agree with？
A．A person's instincts have little effect on his actions.
B．Environment is important in determining a person's behavior. and personality.
C．Biological reasons have a strong influence on how we act.
D．The behaviorists' view correctly explains how we act.
Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often referred to as "nature/nurture".
Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior. patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior. is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior. is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
Proponents of the "nurture "theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B.F. Skinner sees humans as beings whose behavior. is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists' view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
Either of these theories cannot yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior. lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.
Which one of the following statements would supporters of the "nature" theory agree with？
A．A person's instincts have little effect on his action
B．Environment is important in determining a person's behavior. and personality
C．Biological reasons have a strong influence on how we act
D．The behaviorists' view correctly explains how we act
Text 3
Thirty- two people watched Kitty' Genovese being killed right beneath their windows. She was their neighbor. Yet none of them helped her. Not one even called the police. Was this gunman cruelty？ Was it lack of feeling about one' s fellow man？
"Not so," say scientists John Barley and Bib Fatane. These men went beyond the headlines to probe the masons why people didn't act. They found that a person has to go through two steps before he can help. First he has to notice that is an emergency. Suppose you see a middle - aged man fall to the side - walk. Is he having a heart attack？ Is he in a coma (昏迷) from diabetes(糖尿病) ？ Or is he about to sleep off a drunk？ Is the smoke coming into the room from a leak in the air conditioning？ Is it "steam pipes" ？ Or is it really smoke from a fire？ It' s not always easy to tell if you are faced with a real emergency.
Second, and more important, the person faced with an emergency must feel personally responsible. He must feel that he must help, or the person won' t get the help he needs. The researchers found that a lot depends on how many people are around. They had college students in to be "tested". Some came alone. Some came with one or two others. And some came in large groups. The receptionist started them off on the "tests". Then she went into the next room. A curtain divided the "testing room" and the room into which she went. Soon the students heard a scream, the noise of file cabinets falling and a cry for help. All of these had been pre - recorded on a tape - recorder. Eight out of ten of the students taking the test alone acted to help. Of the students in pairs, only two out of ten helped. Of the students in groups, none helped.
In other words, in a group, Americans often fail to act. They feel that others will act. They, themselves, needn't. They do not feel any direct responsibility. Are people bothered by situations where people are in trouble？ Yes. Scientists found that the people were emotional, they sweated, they had trembling hands. They felt the other person's trouble. But they did not act. They were in a group. Their actions, were shaped by the actions of those they were with.
31. The purpose of this passage is______.
A) to explain why people fail to act in emergencies
B) to explain when people will act in emergencies
C) to explain what people will do in emergencies
D) to explain how people feel in emergencies
"Not so," say scientists John Barley and Bib Fatane. These men went beyond the headlines to probe the masons why people didn't act. They found that a person has to go through two steps before he can help. First he has to notice that is an emergency. Suppose you see a middle-aged man fall to the side-walk. Is he having a heart attack？ Is he in a coma(昏迷) from diabetes(糖尿病)？ Or is he about to sleep off a drunk？ Is the smoke coming into the room from a leak in the air conditioning？ Is it "steam pipes"？ Or is it really smoke from a fire？ It's not always easy to tell if you are faced with a real emergency.
Second, and more important, the person faced with an emergency must feel personally responsible. He must feel that he must help, or the person won't get the help he needs. The researchers found that a lot depends on how many people are around. They had college students in to be "tested". Some came alone. Some came with one or two others. And some came in large groups. The receptionist started them off on the "tests". Then she went into the next room. A curtain divided the "testing room" and the room into which she went. Soon the students heard a scream, the noise of file cabinets falling and a cry for help. All of these had been pre-recorded on a tape-recorder. Eight out of ten of the students taking the test alone acted to help. Of the students in pairs, only two out of ten helped. Of the students in groups, none helped.
In other words, in a group, Americans often fail to act. They feel that others will act. They, themselves, needn't. They do not feel any direct responsibility. Are people bothered by situations where people are in trouble？ Yes. Scientists found that the people were emotional, they sweated, they had trembling hands. They felt the other person's trouble. But they did not act. They were in a group. Their actions, were shaped by the actions of those they were with.
The purpose of this passage is______.
A．to explain why people fail to act in emergencies
B．to explain when people will act in emergencies
C．to explain what people will do in emergencies
D．to explain how people feel in emergencies
Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms of simpler phenomena. For example, the movement of a muscle is explained in terms of changes in the membrane of muscle cells, entry of particular chemicals, and interactions between protein molecules within these cells. A molecular biologist would "explain" these events in terms of forces that bind various molecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another.
Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believe that all natural phenomena--including human behavior---are subject to the laws of physics. Thus, the laws of behavior. can be reduced to descriptions of physiological processes.
How does one study the physiology of behavior？ Physiological psychologists cannot simply be reductionists. It is not enough to observe behaviors and correlate them with physiological events that occur at the same time. Identical behaviors, under different conditions, may occur for different reasons, and thus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms. This means that we must understand "psychologically" why a particular behavior. occurs before we can understand what physiological events made it occur.
What does the passage mainly discuss？
A．The difference between "scientific" and "unscientific" explanations.
B．The difference between human and animal behavior.
C．How fear would be explained by the psychologist, physiologist, and molecular biologist.
D．How scientists differ in their approaches to explaining natural phenomena.
Passage Two
Telephone books in the United States have white, blue and yellow pages. The white pages list people with phones by last name, the blue pages contain numbers of city services, government agencies and public schools. Businesses and professional (专业的) services are listed in a special section, the yellow pages. To make a long-distance call, you need an area code. Each area in the U. S. has an area code. The area covered by one area code may be small or large. For example, New York City has one area code, but so does the whole state of Oregon. If you want to know the area code of a place, you can look it up in the area code map, which is printed in the front of the white pages.
There are a lot of publlic telephones in the US. They have their own numbers. If you are making a long-distance call on a pubic telephone and run out of money, give the number on you phone to the person you are talking to, then hang up the receiver, and he can call you back. If you make a long-distance call and get a wrong number, call the operator and explain what happened. This means that you can make the call again to the right number without having to pay more money.
36. Where can you find the telephone number of a city council (市议会) in the telephone book？
A. In the blue pages.
B. In the white pages.
C. In the yellow pages.
D. In a special section.
Scientists have thought of these collisions as mergers: a smaller object (the impactor) hits a larger one (the target) and sticks to it. But new computer modeling by Erik Asphaug and Craig B. Agnor of the University of California, Santa Cruz, shows that things weren't that simple. "Most of the time, the impactor and the target go off on their merry ways", Dr. Asphaug said. About half the collisions are these hit-and-nm affairs. Now the two researchers and a colleague, Quentin Williams. have done simulations to study the effects of these collisions on the impactors. They are not pretty.
"The impactors suffer all kinds of fates", Dr. Asphaug said. They undergo tremendous shearing and gravitational forces that can cause them to fracture into smaller pieces or melt, causing chemical changes in the material and loss of water or other volatile compounds. Or the crust and cover can be stripped off, leaving just an embryonic iron core.
The researchers, whose findings are published in Nature, discovered that two objects did not even have to collide to create an effect on the smaller one from the gravitational forces of a near-collision during the simulations. Dr. Asphaug said, "We'd look and say, 'Gosh, we just got rid of the whole atmosphere of that planetoid: it didn't even hit and it sucked the whole atmosphere off.'"
The researchers suggest that the remains of these beaten-up, fractured and melted objects can be found in the asteroid belt. Dr. Asphaug said that could explain the prevalence of "iron relics" in the belt. Some of these planetoid remnants also eventually hit Earth: that would help explain why certain meteorites lack water and other volatile elements.
The hit-and-run collision model also provides an explanation for Vesta. a large asteroid with an intact crust and cover. How did Vesta keep its cover while so many other objects were losing theirs？ Dr. Asphang said it could be that Vesta was always the target, never the impactor, and was thus less affected. "It just had to avoid being the hitter", he said, "until bigger objects left the system".
The planets were formed as a result of______.
A．collisions of objects in inner solar system
B．the merging of a smaller object and a larger one
C．the impactor sticking to the target
D．chemical changes
