题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
The process of thinking and that of listening to music are similar in that ______
A．both are mental acts
B．muscles participate in both processes
C．both processes are performed by the entire body
D．we derive equal enjoyment from them
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Some psychologists(心理学家) maintain that mental acts such as thinking are not performed in the brain alone, but that one's muscles also participate. (76)It may be said that we think with our muscles in somewhat the same way that we listen to music with our bodies.
You surely are not surprised to be told that you usually listen to music not only with your ears but with your whole body. Few people can listen to music without moving their body or, more specifically, some part of their body. Often when one listens to a symphonic concert on the radio, he is attracted to direct the orchestra (乐队) even though he knows there is a good conductor on the job.
Strange as this behavior. may be, there is a very good reason for it. One cannot derive all possible enjoyment from music unless he participates, so to speak, in its performance. The listener "feels" himself into the music with more or less noticeable motions of his body.
(77) The muscles of the body actually participate in the mental process of thinking in the same way, but this participation is less obvious because it is less noticeable.
Some psychologists think that thinking is ______
A．not a mental process
B．more of a physical process than a mental action
C．a process that involves our entire bodies
D．a process that involves the muscles as well as the brain
It is important to do so. It is generally recognized,【B9】, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century,【B10】by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process,【B11】its impact on the media was not immediately【B12】. As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they be came "personal" too, as well as【B13】, with display becoming sharper and storage【B14】increasing. They were thought of, like people,【B15】generations, with the distance between generations much【B16】.
It was within the computer age that the term "information society" began to be widely used to describe the【B17】within which we now live. The communications revolution has【B18】both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been【B19】view about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. "Benefits" have been weighed【B20】"harmful" outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.
【B1】
A．between
B．before
C．since
D．later
Secondly, it is said that computers "only do what they are told", that they have to be programmed for every computation they undertake. But I do not believe that I was born with an innate ability to solve quadratic equations or to identify common members of the Britain flora: I, too, had to be programmed for these activities, but I happened to call my programmers by different names, such as "schoolteacher", "lecture" or "professor".
Lastly, we are told that computers, unlike human beings, cannot interpret their own results. But interpretation is always of one set of information in the light of another set of information: it consists simply of finding the joint pattern in two sets of data. The mathematics of doing this is cumbersome but well known; the computer would be perfectly willing to do the job if asked.
What is the author's attitude towards "the recurrent theme of the omniscient computer" which will ultimately take over the ordering of human life and affairs？
A．He supports it.
B．He shows his objection.
C．Not definitely expressed.
D．He shows ambivalence.
A very serious side effect of argumentative decision making can be a lack of support for the chosen course of action on the part of the "losing" faction. When one faction wins the meeting and the others see themselves as losing, the battle often doesn't end when the meeting ends. Anger, resentment, and jealousy may lead them to sabotage the decision later, or to reopen the debate at later meetings.
There is a better way. As philosopher Aldous Huxley said, "It isn't who is right, but what is right, that counts."
The structured-inquiry method offers a better alternative to argumentative decision making by debate. With the help of the Internet and wireless computer technology, the gap between experts and executives is now being dramatically closed. By actually putting the brakes on the thinking process, slowing it down, and organizing the flow of logic, it's possible to create a level of clarity that sheer argumentation can never march.
The structured-inquiry process introduces a level of conceptual clarity by organizing the contributions of the experts, then brings the experts and the decision makers closer together. Although it isn't possible or necessary for a president or prime minister to listen in on every intelligence analysis meeting, it's possible to organize the experts' information to give the decision maker much greater insight as to its meaning. This process may somewhat resemble a marketing focus group; it's a simple, remarkably clever way to bring decision makers closer to the source of the expert information and opinions on which they must base their decisions.
From the first paragraph we can learn that______.
A．executive, specialized expert, are no more clever than person in the street
B．very few people decide before they think
C．those who pride themselves on being decisive often fail to do so
D．people tend to consider carefully before making decisions
根据下列材料，请回答 31～35 题：
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform. a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”
第 31 题 According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its
[A] uncertainty and complexity.
[B] misconception and deceptiveness.
[C] logicality and objectivity.
[D] systematicness and regularity.
Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could be slowed down.
With a team a colleague (同事) at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.
" Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise (精确的) measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect (智能) and emotion, and determine the human character. " The rear section of the brain, which controls functions like eating and breathing, does not contract with age, and one can continue living without intellectual or emotional facilities.
Contraction of front and side parts—as cells die off—was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty- and seventy-year-olds.
Matsuzawa concluded from his tests that there is a simple remedy to the contraction normally associated with age—using the head.
The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. Those least at risk, says Matsuzawa, are lawyers, followed by university professors and doctors. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm workers, bus drivers and shop assistants.
Matsuzawa's findings show that thinking can prevent the brain from shrinking. Blood must circulate properly in the head to supply the fresh oxygen the brain cells need. "The best way to maintain good blood circulation is through using the brain, " he says, "Think hard and engage in conversation. Don't rely on pocket calculators.
The team of doctors wanted to find out______.
A．how to make people live longer
B．the size of certain people's brains
C．which people are most intelligent
D．why certain people age sooner than others
Professor Faulkner wanted to find out why healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and to reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could be slowed down.
He set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and occupations.
Computer technology enabled him to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front andside sections of the brain, which relate to intelligence and emotion, and determine the human character.
Contraction of front and side parts--as cells die off--was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty-and seventy-year-olds.
Faulkner concluded from his tests that there is a simple way to slow the contraction--using the head.
The findings show that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. Those least at risk, says Faulkner, are lawyers, followed by university professors and doctors. White-collar workers doing routine work are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.
Faulkner's findings show that thinking can prevent the brain from shrinking. Blood must circulate properly in the head to supply the fresh oxygen the brain cells need. "The best way to maintain good blood circulation is through using the brain," he says. "Think hard and engage in conversstion, Don't rely on pocket calculators."
Professor Faulkner wanted to find out ______.
A．how people's brains shrink
B．the way of making people live longer
C．the size of certain people's brains
D．why certain people aged sooner than others
Problems with appraisals can fall into two main areas—those arising from the scheme itself and those arising from the implementation and understanding of that scheme. Naturally it is easier to tackle those in the former category; indeed, some companies have developed schemes following legal guidelines. These guidelines suggest that a successful scheme should have a clear appeal process, that any negative feedback should be accompanied by "evidence" such as dates, times and outcomes and that, most importantly, ratings should reflect specific measurable elements of the job requirements.
It is not always necessary to resort to legal advice however. Some changes to current schemes are simply a matter of logic. For instance, if employees are constantly encouraged to work in teams and to assume joint responsibility for their successes and failures, it makes little sense for the appraisals to focus on individuals, as this may lead to resentments and create divisions within the group. It is possible, and in some cases more suitable, to arrange appraisals where performance is rated for the group.
Staff also need to be educated about the best way to approach appraisals. Managers often find that they are uncomfortable being asked to take on a more supportive role than they are used to without having had any training. Those being appraised may see it as a chance to air their grievances and highlight the company's failings rather than consider their own role. Both parties view the process as a necessary evil, to be gone through once or twice a year, and then forgotten about. The importance given to the appraisal stems from the fact that, despite all the talk of the interview being a chance for management and employees to come together and exchange ideas, set joint targets and improve the way decisions are reached, the reality is that they are often nothing more than the pretext on which pay rises are given, or not given. Pay is, of course, a subject that always leads to problems.
Given the problems associated with staff appraisals, why is it that, with no legal requirement, companies continue to run them？ The answer is simple, it is impossible to manage something you know nothing about. As any Human Resources manager can tell you, the best way to learn about someone is to talk to them. Effective people management relies on knowledge and appraisals are still the best way to build up that bank of knowledge.
Why are there so many problems with appraisals？
A．People think that there are too many categories.
B．People are not sure how the system works.
C．People think that the feedback is too negative.
D．People are not happy with the legal aspects.
There is an experiment for this, or at least an observation, make long ago by Karl Von Frisch and more recently confirmed by James Gould at Princeton, Biologists who wish to study such things as bee navigation, language, and behavior. in general have to train their bees to fly from the hive to one or another special place. To do this, they begin by placing a source of sugar very close to the hive so that the bees (considered by their trainers to be very dumb beasts) can learn what the game is about. Then, at regular intervals, the dish or whatever is moved progressively father and farther from the hive in increments (增长) of about 25 percent at each move. Eventually, the target is being moved 100 feet or more at a jump, very far from the hive. Sooner or later, while this process is going on, the biologists shifting the dish of sugar will find the bees are out there waiting for them, precisely where the next position had been planned. This is an uncomfortable observation to make.
With what subject is the passage mainly concerned？
A．The bee, a social animal.
B．Navigational techniques of bees.
C．Testing the awareness of bees.
D．The bee hive, nature's candy shop.
Analysts have their go at humor, and I have read some of this interpretative literature, (1)_____ without being greatly instructed. Humor can be (2)_____, (3)_____ a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are (4)_____ to any but the pure scientific mind.
One of the things (5)_____ said about humorists is that they are really very sad people-clowns with a breaking heart. There is some truth in it, but it is badly (6)_____. It would be more (7)_____, I think, to say that there is a deep vein of melancholy running through everyone's life and that the humorist, perhaps more (8)_____ of it than some others, compensates for it actively and (9)_____. Humorists fatten on troubles. They have always made trouble (10)_____. They struggle along with a good will and endure pain (11)_____, knowing how well it will (12)_____ them in the sweet by and by. You find them wrestling with foreign languages, fighting folding ironing boards and swollen drainpipes, suffering the terrible
(13)_____ of tight boots. They pour out their sorrows profitably, in a (14)_____ of what is not quite fiction nor quite fact either. Beneath the sparking surface of these dilemmas flows the strong (15)_____ of human woe.
Practically everyone is a manic depressive of sorts, with his up moments and his down moments, and you certainly don't have to be a humorist to (16)_____ the sadness of situation and mood. But there is often a rather fine line between laughing and crying, and if a humorous piece of writing brings a person to the point (17)_____ his emotional responses are untrustworthy and seem likely to break over into the opposite realm, it is (18)_____ humor, like poetry, has an extra content, it plays (19)_____ to the big hot fire which is Truth, and sometimes the reader feels the (20)_____.
A．while
B．although
C．but
D．if
