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Although he is so wealthy, Bill Gates does not want to give up. He is still very interested in his vision and he travels the globe, making quick stops in cities to sell the new software products of his company.
The central vision of Bill Gates is the “information highway”. This is a network for computers that will link every home, office and shop in the future. This computer network system will have an effect on business, shopping and education. Bill Gates says that the main use of this new technology will be in communication. It will be a way to find people with common interests and to share opinions with them.
But is this communication by computer along the “information highway” really a good thing？ Won’t we be sitting at home, only “socializing” with our computer, paying big companies money so that we can receive information that some large communication corporation somewhere had decided is “acceptable” for us to read？ No, says Bill Gates, he thinks that the phrase “information highway” is a terrible phrase. It makes people think that we are all going down the same road, he says. In fact, the computer network will let us choose our own intellectual direction. It will give us freedom. It will also bring good to society, because it will allow for the spread of education. When more and more people receive education, the gap between the rich and the poor will narrow.
In the meantime, however, the gap between the rich and the poor is still there. To be added to this now is the gap between those with computers and those without.
1.Ever since he was a college student, Bill Gates has __________.
A. become very interested in the computer
B. set up a goal to popularize the computer
C. discovered great potentials in computer business
D. dreamed of having a giant computer company
2.Bill Gates’ success depends on the following except ___________.
A. his vision and his travel over the globe
B. his technical skills and business marketing skills
C. his deep personal interest in developing computer science
D. his strong desire to make big money
3.The word “vision” (line 2, parA.2) probably means________.
A. sight
B. idea
C. effort
D. daydream
4.The “information highway” will mainly be used _______.
A. in human communication
B. to help link every home, office and shop
C. in business, shopping and education
D. to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor
5.The best title for this passage is probably _________.
A. Bill Gates, his Vision and Mission
B. Computer and Information
C. Advantages of the Computer Network
D. One of the World’s Computer Giants
Part A
Directions: Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
The United States Congress is a bicameral legislature. Two Houses-Senate and House of Representatives make the laws. Before a bill may be sent to the President to sign, both houses must approve. When great agreement exists on a bill, the law moves quickly. However, most suggested laws are complex and relate to interests and conflicts which need debate and careful consideration.
Both houses of Congress use the committee system to handle the numerous bills. A bill is referred to the committee responsible for that category -- whether taxation, foreign affairs, housing or whatever. In the committee the bill is studied, arguments are collected for and against, and advice is gathered from experts on the subject. Citizens have the chance to influence legislation through the committee system. If the committee votes favorably, the bill goes before the entire house. Usually, committee approval means favorable action by the Senate and House of Representatives.
As a result, membership on the more important committees is eagerly sought. How long a senator or representative has served in Congress is most important in assigning committee memberships. Usually the majority political party receives a majority of the memberships of each committee. In this way the party controls decisions because the real work and power of Congress lies in the system of committees. Some people protest that this system restricts laws, but most see this as the system that works best.
By using the context and word part clues, we may conclude that "bicameral" means _______.
A．Republicans and Democrats
B．two Houses
C．congressional system
D．law making procedure
The majority of international payments are made by way of bills of exchange either with or without a documentary credit. There are five parties to a bill of exchange : drawer, drawee, payee, acceptor and endorser.
The drawer is the person who draws the bill and the drawee is the person(or firm) on whom the bill is drawn. The payee is the person or firm to whom the bill is payable and it is most frequently the drawer. The acceptor is the person who undertakes to pay the bill by writing his acceptance across the face of the bill. An acceptance is a legal undertaking to pay the amount of the bill. An endorser is a person who endorses a bill by signing his name on it(usually on the back).
A bill is negotiated when it is transferred from one person to another in such a way as to constitute the transferee , the holder of the bill. A bearer bill is one that can be passed on by mere delivery. It is one that has been made out "X days after date pay the bearer,etc. " or one made out to a fictitious payee , or one which has been endorsed in blank,i. e. the last endorser has not given any instructions but merely signed his name. A bearer bill does not need to be endorsed by those who negotiate it , but to some extent it is less reliable than a bill with many endorsements. Bills which are not bearer bills are negotiated by endorsement and delivery. Those endorsing a bill as agents or representatives of a company can make this clear so that they are not personally liable.
When a bill is presented for acceptance, the drawee should accept it, if he refuses to do so, claiming perhaps that he has not authorized the bill to be drawn and knows nothing about it, the bill is dishonored by non-acceptance. If a bill is presented for payment on the due date,and the acceptor refuses to pay it,then the bill is dishonored by non-payment. It is now necessary for the holder to take certain action to protect himself.
· He must give notice of dishonor to the drawer and all other endorsers of the bill. In practice he usuaUy gives notice of the dishonor to the person from whom he obtained the bill , who gives notice to the person from whom he obtained it and the bill moves backwards towards the drawer. The process could be short-circuited if certain of the endorsers were famous names, for example accepting houses, who could easily be approached directly to honor the bill. Eventually the drawer must honor it, and he will bring an action against the acceptor.
· If it is a foreign bill, he must protest the bill, to safeguard his rights against the drawer and endorsers. There are two ways of obtaining formal evidence of the dishonor of the bill. The first is called "noting" the bill. The holder asks a notary public to re-present the bill. This official,when refused either acceptance or payment as the case may be,then writes on the face of the bill that it was dishonored. The " note" constitutes formal evidence of dishonor , so it is necessary to use the bill as evidence in court. With foreign bills a more formal process called " protesting" , is carried out. The notary public re-presents the bill, and if it is dishonored he draws up a formal certificate of dishonor,the protest. The protest must contain a copy of' the boill,and be signed by the notary making it. It must then specify the person at whose request the bill is being protested, the place and date of protest, the cause or reason for protesting the bill,the demand made and the answer given, or the fact that the drawee or acceptor could not be found. Protest will usually be done on the day of dishonor,but if there is good reason why this is not possible, it must be done with reasonable diligence after the delay has occurred. This might arise where the bill was presented by post and returned dishonored by post.
The legal consequences of dishonor may be listed as follows :
(a) The protesting of a foreign bill secures the position of the holder against all previous endorsers and the drawer. They become liable to compensate the holder for the loss he has suffered.
(b)ln practice the holder will turn to the person from whom he obtained the bill and will be put in funds by that person. That person then tums to his endorser and so on.
It might appear that a break in the chain could develop in the case of a bearer bill, because the bill is transferred by mere delivery and the transferor by delivery does not put his name on the bill. Although a person who transfers by delivery is not liable on the bill to the whole world , he is liable to his immediate transferee , because he warrants that the bill is what is purports to be , that he has right to transfer it , and that at the time of transferring it he knew of no fact rendering it valueless.
(c) Eventually the bill reaches the drawer who honors it and turns to the acceptor. They may agree to renew the bill with suitable arrangements on interest if the acceptor's difficulties are purely temporary. If this is not agreeable, the drawer may begin an action which will end in judgment for the drawer, possibly in distraint on the assets of the acceptor,or even in his bankruptcy.
Sometimes bills are "claused" with phrases which require the drawee to pay more than the actual value of the bill. There are three chief reasons why these were introduced over the years. First , the aim was to throw the burden of any exchange risk on to the foreign drawee. Second,it was to enable the drawer to provide for the payment of interest by the drawee,in order to compensate the drawer for the time taken for the drawee's payment to reach him. Third, a clause was often helpful in permitting the banker to act as an arbiter in deciding what rate of exchange to use when the drawee paid in local currency.
When the exporters and importers have been trading with one another for some time and have built up a satisfactory trading relationship, they may decide to dispense with documentary credits and rely solely on documentary bills as a means of payment. This means that the exporter will ship his goods and attach the documents relating to the consignment to the bill of exchange, which he draws on the importer. The bill and documents are then sent through the exporter's bank to the importer's bank (or another bank in the importer's country) for acceptance and/or payment. If they decide to trade on the basis of a clean bill of exchange then, the exporter will send the documents directly to the importer. The exporter loses control over the documents once he has parted with them and must rely upon the good faith of the importer for ultimate acceptance and payment of the bill.
A bill of exchange is a useful device not only as a means of settlement but also,if it is a usance bill as a means of obtaining credit. An exporter, having drawn a usance bill on his buyer,may obtain funds immediately by negotiating the bill or by borrowing from his bank against the bill that is sent for collection. The importer has the usance of the bill as a period of credit and may be able to resell the goods and obtain the proceeds before the maturity date of the bill. The bill is also useful as evidence of a debt , which can be used in a court of law.
When a biU of exchange is drawn under a documentary credit the drawer is assured of acceptance and payment by the issuing bank provided that he has fulfilled all the terms and conditions of the credit. No such assurance exists without a documentary credit, however , and therefore not to trade on a documentary bill basis is much more risky from the point of view of the exporter. Nevertheless, as the documents are channeled through the banking system with instructions that they should be handed over to the importer only against acceptance or payment of the bill, the system obviously does offer more protection than trading on the basis of clean bills of exchange.
If the exporter asks his bank to collect a documentary bill on his behalf, he instructs the bank to release the documents against acceptance of the bill, the bill is known as a D/ A bill. If the documents are to be released only against payment the bill is a D/P bill. While a sight bill is drawn the documents will be handed over only against payment, but for the majority of usance bills the instruction to the bank is to release the documents against acceptance of the bill. In some countries, particularly in the Far East, the documents may not be handed over until payment, even if the exporter wishes them to be released against acceptance. This encourages the importer to pay the bill before maturity. In some countries, it is possible for the importer legally to demand the documents upon acceptance of the bill, even though the exporter's instructions are for documents against payment. The drawee of a bill is entitled to inspect the documents. If the bill is a D/P bill, the drawee is usually allowed to respect them at the bank.
The process of discounting a foreign bill of exchange is called negotiation. The procedure is similar to that of discounting a domestic bill,in that the banker buys the bill and hands over the face value of it less discount,but there are some differences. Unlike a domestic bill,the bill will probably not have been accepted and may be either a sight bill or a usance bill. Indeed there may not be a bill at all as the documents may be negotiated on their own ones. When a bank negotiates a bill,it in effect buys it and then sends it for collection in its own right. However, it usually requires the exporter to sign a form undertaking to recompense the bank in the event of the bill being unpaid.
The amount of interest charged by a bank on a negotiation is calculated on the period between the date of negotiation and the date on which the bank receives the proceeds , and will include the time in getting the bill presented for acceptance , for it is only then that the usance of most bills begins to become effective.
Another expense that will be deducted by the negotiating bank will be the postal charges and stamp duty ,if any, plus a commission.
Questions for reading :
The billionaires mentioned in the passage dont want to leave much of their wealth to their children because______.
A．they prefer to give their wealth to charity
B．they want their business to go on healthily
C．they believe too much wealth will harm their children
D．they hope their children can make more money themselves
Section A
According to a new school of scientists, technology has been overlooked as a force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.【51】Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius but by more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.【52】" In short, " a leader of the new school contends "the scientific revolution, as we call it, has been largely caused by the improvement, invention and use of a series of instruments that have expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.
【53】Over the years, tools, and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, and Einstein, and inventors such as Edison, attached great importance to and derived great benefit from, crafty information and technological devices of different kinds that were used in scientific experiments.
The centerpiece of the argument for technology was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motion.【54】Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, were improvements in the machinery used for making eye-glasses.
Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute.【55】Whether governments should increase financing for pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which of the two is seen as the driving force.
(51)
Globalization is an inevitable tendency which has brought great opportunities such as exchange of knowledge and information, access to other societies, as well as economic competitions and exposure to different value systems. On the other hand, it is also accompanied by a multitude of challenges together with side effects on the form. of increased poverty rates, but the effect is not always predetermined, because the problem is how to deal with it and make preparation for minimizing the challenge.
Statistics demonstrate in the last two centuries the individual income average has decreased, and the shares of profit in the Third World also have demolished, in contrary to the developed world. There is an international distortion due to the exploitation of telecommunication technology which facilitates money transfer, which made it easier for capital flight. During the last two centuries, the number of civil wars has increased and the world became under the control of globalization and economic reform. which eventually led countries like Indonesia to be bankrupted. This year in Seattle, over 40,000 young demonstrators protested against capitalism and its "brutality" during meetings of the World Trade Organization. Two hundred protesters against globalization were arrested and hauled many away in buses after they ventured into a downtown security zone, where police had restricted movement and imposed a curfew.
"Globalization is an expression repeated by international media, which is trying to polish it for us to only see the bright side to it. We have to beware of the motives behind this ideological expression and the influence of this expression on our destiny. Globalization has proven that it is nothing but corruption and the world is against it", said Dr. Hisham Gasseib, professor of Sumaya University.
If globalization is forced itself on any nation, it is considered occupation, because it wipes any culture or education and instead reflects poverty and unemployment. The high competition made a huge number of people live on the edge which forces them do anything to gain money, and eventually put their countries under control of other countries. Globalization is like a flat character with no dimensions, a challenge for all nations. Nations with great cultural background should not accept any gesture from the West without thoroughly studying it.
What's the main idea of the article？
A．Globalization brings great opportunity to all the nations in the world.
B．The developing countries sh6uld resist globalization because it will harm their economy.
C．Globalization is both an opportunity and a challenge, all the countries must study it carefully before they accept it.
D．Globalization will harm those countries that own great cultural background more than those that haven't.
Marry has come; I will put ___________plate on the dining table.
A.a further
B.a spare
C.an extra
D.more
Why isn't dollar worth as much as it used to be？ One dollar is always worth the same amount, that is, 100 cents. But the value of a dollar is how much it can buy. The value of money depends on the cost of living. Economists say that the cost of living is the money that a family must pay for the necessities of life such as food, housing or rent, clothes, and medical expenses. For many years now, the cost of living has increased greatly, so the value of the dollar has decreased. When a dollar has a low value, you cannot buy as many things with it.
No one fully understands why the cost of living keeps increasing, but economists believe that workers and producers can make prices go up. As workers earn more money, they have more money to spend, so they demand more goods. If there is a great demand for certain goods, the prices of these goods go up. At the same time, if there's a shortage of goods, the prices also go up. For example, if everyone wants to buy more and more gas, the price of gas goes up. When companies withhold gas from buyers, they can also make the price of gas go up.
Families need to know what happens to their money. They need to make their income meet the cost of living, so many people plan a family budget (预算). A budget is a list of monthly expenses. If your expenses add up to more than your income, you must find ways to save money. Maybe you're spending too much on entertainment. Or if you're spending too much on clothes, you may want to sew your own clothes. Budgeting helps you spend your money wisely as the cost of living increases.
What has troubled many families in the United States？
A．A not-large-enough income.
B．Nothing is left over to put away.
C．The increasing cost of living.
D．A shortage of certain goods.
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)
It seemed so promising—mirrors sprawled across desert land in the scorching southwest delivering clean electricity and helping Americans out of the increasing fuel crisis. Some scientists and industry developers claim that Nevada's empty and sun-drenched expanses alone could supply enough electricity to power the entire country.
Now even the optimists fear this wonderful prospect may be a mirage. Congress cannot make up their mind to extend the tax-reducing bill for solar-energy projects, which solar advocates say is critical to the future of their industry but which is due to expire at the end of the year. The latest attempt failed in the Senate earlier this month, prospects for a deal before November's presidential and congressional elections now look dim. Uncertainty has led some investors to delay or abandon projects in the past few months. Rhone Resch, the president of the Solar Energy Industries Association, said if the tax-reducing bill is allowed to expire at the end of the year, "it will result in the loss of billions of dollars in new investments in solar. "
Further dampening hopes for a big solar-energy boom, the federal Bureau of Land Management (BLM) has abruptly suspended new applications to put solar collectors on federal land. The agency says it has received more than 130 applications and needs to conduct a region-wide environmental impact study on the industry before it will accept any more. The study will take 22 months to complete, however. Few argue against trying to preserve precious water sources and protect desert tortoises and other creatures that might not enjoy cohabiting with sprawling fields of mirrors. But many solar advocates wonder why the government is not acting as cautiously when it comes to drilling for oil and gas.
Senator Maria Cantwell, a Democrat from Washington State, wants a congressional probe into the proposed suspension. "The fact that the BLM pops this out without people even knowing about it, especially when solar thermal looks extremely promising as a power source, is not right," she says. Harry Reid of Nevada, who is the majority leader in the Senate, also condemns the BLM's freeze, saying that it could "slow new development to a crawl".
The BLM is not without its supporters, however. At a public meeting on June 23rd in Golden, Colorado, Alex Daue, of the Wilderness Society, said that his organization supports renewable energy development as long as it doesn't damage other important resources. The message is clear: no rubber stamps, even for renewable energy.
"mirrors sprawled across desert land" is mentioned to______.
A．show the technology of solar energy
B．spotlight the high technology in the United States
C．introduce the prospect of solar energy
D．explain how to make use of Nevada's empty and sun-drenched expanses
A.allowed
B.admitted
C.approved
D.accepted
