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Fifty years ago, most people lived in rural areas. But the world has changed. In the near

future, more than half of all people will live in cities for the first time in history.

City life is not always a bad thing, but many experts worry about this process of urbanization (城市化 ). A new report says that process is having a huge effect on human health and the quality of the environment. Of the three billion people who live in cities now, the report says, about one billion live in unplanned settlements. These are areas of poverty, slums that generally lack basic services like clean water, or even permanent housing. More than 60 million people are added to cities and surrounding areas each year, mostly in slums in developing countries. The international community has been too slow to recognize the growth of urban poverty. Policy makers need to increase investments in education, health care and other areas.

The report talks about some successful efforts by local governments and community groups. For example, it says in Columbia, engineers have created a bus system that has helped reduce air pollution and improve quality of life.

The link between urban poverty and the environment is serious, but governments also need to consider why people are moving out of rural areas. Climate changes, droughts, floods—there are many reasons forcing people to leave their farm land.

The two issues of poverty reduction and the environment have existed side by side, but rarely have they connected—until now. Governments are starting to understand that environmental collapse is not a natural cost of economic development. Instead, it is hurting the possibility for growth.

The main idea of the passage is about ______.

A．urbanization and its effects

B．a huge effect of human

C．economic development

D．the environment

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更多“Fifty years ago, most people l…”相关的问题

第1题

Fifty years ago, wealthy people liked hunting wild animals for fun______sightseeing.A．than

Fifty years ago, wealthy people liked hunting wild animals for fun______sightseeing.

A．than to go

B．rather than to go

C．more than going

D．other than going

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第2题

Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of every fi

ve Americans at work was employed, i. e. , worked for somebody else. Today only one out of five is not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago "being employed" meant working as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been tile fastestgrowing groups in our working population—growing so fast that the industrial worker, that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite the expansion of industrial production.

Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find a great deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also find a good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist's trade or book-keeping(簿记). Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a different preparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.

It is implied that fifty years ago _______.

A．eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factories

B．twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employees

C．the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that of industrial workers

D．the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industrial workers

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第3题

We have no idea about when men first began to use salt, but we do know that it has been us

ed in many different ways throughout the history.

For example, it is recorded in many history books the people who lived over three thousand years ago ate salted fish. Thousands of years ago in Egypt, salt was used to preserve the dead.

In some periods of history, a person who stole salt was thought to have broken the law. Take the eighteenth century for an example, if a person was caught stealing salt, he would be thrown into prison. History also records that only in England about ten thousand people were put into prison during that century for stealing salt! About one hundred and fifty years ago, in the year 1553, if a man took more than his share of salt, he would be thought to have broken the law and would be seriously punished. The offender' s ear was cut off.

Salt was an important item on the dinner table of a king. It was always placed in front of the king when he sat down to eat. Important guests at the king' s table were seated near the salt. Less important guests were given seats farther away from it.

Thousands of years ago in Egypt, salt was used ______.

A．to punish people who had broken the law

B．to keep dead bodies from decay

C．to keep fish alive

D．to make chemicals

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第4题

One hundred and fifty years ago, the position of women in the U. S. society was very diffe

rent【C1】______their position today. At that【C2】______, women were completely subordinate to【C3】______. Society did not encourage women to have a career【C4】______the home. Although they received an【C5】______at elementary school and high school, they were not【C6】______to attend college or university. Even when a【C7】______woman had a job, she【C8】______not keep the money that she earned. The law【C9】______her to give the money to her husband! Society expected women to do the housekeeping, to【C10】______the children, and to obey their husbands. That was【C11】______role in society. They did not have the right to vote.【C12】______many ways, they were almost【C13】______slaves. This situation began to change slowly【C14】______the first feminist(女权主义)group was organized in 1848. After that year, small groups of women began to protest the【C15】______of equality and justice in U. S. society. Progress was slow, 【C16】______many years, their attempts to improve【C17】______position ended in failure. Slowly, 【C18】______, more and more people began to【C19】______their ideas and support their demands【C20】______in 1920, women were given the right to vote in a national election.

【C1】

A．with

B．from

C．to

D．against

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第5题

In the past fifty years, American society has changed a great deal. Fifty years ago, most

Americans lived in small communities. They rarely moved from one area to another and knew their neighbors at least by name if not by close, personal relations. Life was so personal in those days that people often joked about it.They said that a person could not even stay home from church on Sunday without the whole town knowing about it. It was difficult to keep one's secret in a small community like that, but there was usually a sense of safety, of belonging, and of community togetherness in such places. Except for church and the local movie theater, there was not much entertainment. Some people dreamed about moving to the exciting life of the big cities, but most people were happy to live all their lives in the same community.

Few people experience this type of lifelong relationship or sense of community togetherness now. The American society is much more unsettled now; people often move from neighborhood to neighborhood, city to city, and coast to coast. It is rare to find people who have lived all their lives in one community. Because people move so frequently, they do not have a chance to get to know their neighbors. Perhaps this is also why Americans tend to have a more casual attitude about friendships than people from some other cultures; Americans are accustomed to leaving friends and making new friends. In such an impersonal society, people have lost the habit of saying hello to people they pass on the streets or in the hallways of their apartment buildings.

What is described in the first paragraph？

A．Entertainment in small towns.

B．Americans' adjustment to a moving society.

C．The life style. of Americans in the past.

D．Personal relations in small communities.

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第6题

When imaginative men turn their eyes towards space and wonder whether life exists in any p

art of it, they may cheer themselves by remembering that life need not resemble closely the life that exists on Earth. Mars looks like the only planet where life like ours could exist, and even this is doubtful. But there may be other kinds of life based on other kinds of chemistry, and they may multiply on Venus or Jupiter. At least we cannot prove at present that they do not.

Even more interesting is the possibility that life on their planets may be in a more advanced stage of evolution. Present-day man is in a peculiar and probably temporary stage. His individual units retain a strong sense of personality. They are, in fact, still capable under favorable circumstances of leading individual lives. But man's societies are already sufficiently developed to have enormously more power and effectiveness

than the individuals have.

It is not likely that this transitional situation will continue very long on the evolutionary time scale. Fifty thousand year's from now man's societies may have become so close-knit that the individuals retain no sense of separate personality. Then little distinction will remain between the organic parts of the multiple organism and the inorganic parts (machines) that have been constructed by it. A million years further on man and his machines may have merged as closely as the muscles of the human body and nerve cells that set them in motion.

The explorers of space should be prepared for some' such situation. If they arrive on a foreign planet that has reached an advanced stage (and this is by no means impossible), they may find it being inhabited by a single large organism composed of many closely cooperating units.

The units may be "secondary"-machines created millions of years ago by a previous form. of life and given the will and ability to survive and reproduce. They may be built entirely of metals and other durable materials. If this is the case, they may be much more tolerant of their environment, multiplying under conditions that would destroy immediately any organism made of carbon compounds and dependent on the familiar car bon cycle.

Such creatures might be relics of a past age, many millions of years ago, when their planet was favorable to the origin of life, or they might be immigrants from a favored planet.

Humans on Earth today are characterized by______.

A．their existence as free and separate beings

B．their capability of living under favorable conditions

C．their great power and effectiveness

D．their strong desire for living in a close-knit society

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第7题

When aluminum was first produced about a hundred and fifty years ago, it was so difficult

to separate from the ores(矿石) in which it was found that its price was higher than that of gold. The price remained high until a new process was discovered for refining the metal with the aid of electricity approximately three quarters of a century later. The new method was so much cheaper that aluminum became practical for many purposes, one of which was making pots and pans.

Aluminum is lightweight, rustproof and easily shaped into different forms. By mixing it with other metals, scientist have been able to produce a variety of alloys, some of which have the strength of steel but weigh only one third as much.

Today, the uses of aluminum are innumerable. Perhaps its most important use is in transportation. Aluminum is found in the engines of automobiles, in the hulls of boats. It is also used in many parts of airplanes. In fact, the huge "airbus" planes would probably never have been produced if aluminum did not exist. By making vehicles lighter in weight aluminum has greatly reduced the amount of fuel needed to move them. Aluminum is also being used extensively in the building industry in some countries.

Since aluminum is such a versatile(多用的) metal, it is fortunate that bauxite(铝土矿) , which is one of its chief sources, is also one of the earth's most plentiful substances. As the source of aluminum is almost inexhaustible, we can expect that more and more uses will be found for this versatile metal.

The price of aluminum was sharply reduced when people discovered a new refining process with the aid of______.

A．wind power

B．solar energy

C．hydraulic power

D．electricity

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第8题

There ________ (be) no hospitals in my hometown fifty years ago.

There ________ （be) no hospitals in my hometown fifty years ago.

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第9题

After living in Jilin for fifty years she returned to the village ______ she grew up. A．which

A.A.which

B.B.where

C.C.that

D.D.when

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第10题

After living in London for fifty years he returned to the small town ______ he grew up as

a child.

A．which

B．where

C．that

D．when

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