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Levi Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands—which could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice. Consumer groups and Tesco say that Levi's case is specious. The supermarket argues that it was just arbitraging the price differential between Levi's jeans sold in America and Europe—a service performed a million times a day in financial markets, and one that has led to real benefits for consumers. Tesco has been selling some 15,000 pairs of Levi's jeans a week, for about half the price they command in specialist stores approved by Levi Strauss. Christine Cross, Tesco's head of global non-food sourcing, says the ruling risks "creating a Fortress Europe with a vengeance".
The debate will rage on, and has implications well beyond casual clothes (Levi Strauss was joined in its lawsuit by Zino Davidoff, a perfume maker). The question at its heart is not whether brands need to control how they are sold to protect their image, but whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this. Gucci, an Italian clothes label whose image was being destroyed by loose licensing and over-exposure in discount stores, saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers, controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere.
Brand experts argue that Levi Strauss, which has been losing market share to hipper rivals such as Diesel, is no longer strong enough to command premium prices. Left to market forces, so-so brands such as Levi's might well fade away and be replaced by fresher labels. With the courts protecting its prices, Levi Strauss may hang on for longer. But no court can help to make it a great brand again.
Which of the following is not true according to Paragraph 1？
A．Consumers and free traders were very angry.
B．Only the Levi's maker can decide the prices of the jeans.
C．The ruling has protected Levi's from price dumping.
D．Levi's jeans should be sold at a high price.
The word "television" can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a complete system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstructed into that same image.
Television is more than just an electronics system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.
The field of television can be divided into two types. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is non-broadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.
Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. It has been with us for about thirty- seven years in a form. similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled mostly by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC and CBS, who have been the major suppliers of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually not only shaped television as a source of entertainment, but placed our role in this active medium as the passive viewer.
What is the topic of the passage？
A．The role of television in today's society.
B．The marriage of broadcasting giants.
C．Recent changes in modern technology.
D．The content of broadcast television programs.
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
W hat is the importance of the Afro American history to all Americans？ How could Afro Americans contribute anything to American history when they were just slaves and servants？ This is the image which many of us are taught when we go to school. This is the image many Afro Americans have of themselves also. The Afro Americans need to remake their real historical image so that it is known and accepted in its truthfulness by themselves and the rest of the world. Men and women of darker color are human beings entitled to respect and acceptance in history. When we think of famous scientists and inventors we immediately think of men such as Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison and Jonas E.Salk. This is because we associate famous people with the Anglo Saxon race. But what about the Afro American inventors and scientists？ How many men during World War Ⅰ owe their lives to Garrett Morgan who invented the gas mask？ Garrett Morgan also invented the traffic light which saves numerous lives on our streets. Daniel Hale Williams was the first successful heart surgeon. Charles Drew saved hundreds of thousands of lives during World War II by his discovery of the ways and means of preserving blood plasma. Percy Julian has helped millions suffering from the excruciating pain of arthritis. These men and others should be as easily recognized as Bell, Edison and Salk.
America is made up of many different blends of cultures. These many cultures have come to enrich and diversify the American way of life. We should not think, because history has neglected to include the background of a particular culture, that these people have an inferior history. We should search for the truth and set the record straight against the slanders, the stereotyping and false images which have identified these people. We should understand each of the cultures and learn of their specific contribution to America's life story.
Only after we are taught the complete and accurate history of our great country and learn that the blending of cultures and backgrounds gives us ourstrength, can we go forward on the path to peace.
36. The function of the first paragraph is to ____.
A) present the main idea or the summary of the essay
B) present an introduction to the topic
C) provide background to the main theme
D) present many cultures have contributed to American history
37. Which of the following statements is true？
A) Graham Bell, T.Edison and J.E.Salk are not very important people.
B) Black people who contribute to society should have equal recognition with their white colleagues.
C) We should not associate famous people with the Anglo Saxon race only.
D) G.Morgan, D.H.Williams and Charles Drew were not Afro Americans.
38. Paragraph three tells us that ____.
A) we should oppose slander and stereotyping
B) the American way of life is richer because it is made up of many cultures
C) some cultures have been completely neglected
D) Afro Americans have an inferior history
39. The word “image” refers to ____.
A) picture B) portray C) impression D) similar
40. The main idea of the passage is ____.
A) There are many Afro Americans who are famous as scientists and inventors
B) Many Afro Americans have devoted to American history
C) Afro American experience to American history
D) Afro American history must be recognized as an important part of American history
The word "television", derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (vision: sight) roots, can (3)_____ be interpreted as sight from distance. Very simply (4)_____, it works in this (5)_____: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of (6)_____ an image (focused on a special photo-conductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire of cable. These impulses, when fed into a (7)_____ (television set), can then be electronically (8)_____ into that same image.
Television is (9)_____ just an electronic system, (10)_____. It is a means of expression, as well as a (11)_____ for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.
The field of television can be divided into two (12)_____ determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television (13)_____. Second, there is non-broadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or (14)_____ interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.
Traditionally, television has been a (15)_____ of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast television (16)_____ it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form. similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks. ABC, NBC and CBS, who have been the (17)_____ purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of (18)_____ have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have come to (19)_____ the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this (20)_____ medium as the passive viewer.
A．sophistication
B．deformity
C．manoeuvre
D．elaboration
The world "television", derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (vision: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capacity of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulse, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.
Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.
The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is nonbroadcast television, through which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.
Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are-most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for about forty-seven years in a form. similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing out role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.
With what topic is the passage primarily concerned？
A．Recent changes in modem technology.
B．The marriages of broadcasting giants.
C．The role of television in today's society.
D．The content of broadcast television programs.
A. Flashback
B. CGI (Computer Graphic Image)
C. Montage
D. Voice over
（英语专业必做）
Drunken driving—sometimes called America's socially accepted form. of murder— has become a national epidemic. Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed by drunken drivers, adding up to an incredible 250,000 over the past decade.
Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the American macho (男子汉) image and judges were lenient in most courts, but the drunken slaughter has recently caused so many well-publicized tragedies, especially involving your children, that public opinion is no longer so tolerant.
Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21, reversing a trend in the 1960s to reduce it to 18. After New Jersey lowered it to 18, the number of people killed by 18—20-year-old drivers more than doubled, so the state recently tipped it back to 21.
Reformers, however, fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless accompanied by educational programs to help young people to develop "responsible attitude" about drinking and teach them to resist peer pleasure to drink.
New laws have led to increased arrests and tests in many areas already, to a marked decline in fatalities. Some states are also penalizing bars for serving customers too many drinks. A tavern (酒栈) in Massachusetts was fined for serving six or more brandies to a customer who was "obviously intoxicated" and later drove off the road, killing a nine-year-old boy.
As the fatalities continue to occur daily in every state, some Americans are even beginning to think well of the 13 years of national prohibition of alcohol that began in 1919, which President Hoover called the " noble experiment". They forgot that legal prohibition didn't stop drinking, but encouraged political corruption and organized crime. As with the becoming drug trade, there is no easy solution.
Drunken driving has become a serious problem in America because______.
A．most drunken drivers drive their cars at top speed
B．most drivers regard heavy drinking are part of the American macho image
C．fatalities caused by drunken driving have been gready increased
D．about 25 ,000 people on average are killed every year by drunken drivers
【C1】
A．indications
B．structures
C．capabilities
D．odds
But the fact remains that 2 million Americans—most of them women and girls—do suffer from eating disorders. In the most extreme cases they literally starve themselves to death. And those who survive are at greater risk of developing brittle bones, life-threatening infections, kidney damage and heart problems. Fortunately, doctors have learned a lot over the past decade about what causes eating disorders and how to treat them.
The numbers are shocking. Approximately 1 in 150 teenage girls in the U. S. falls victim to anorexia nervosa, broadly defined as the refusal to eat enough to maintain even a minimal body weight. Not so clear is how many more suffer from bulimia, in which they binge on food, eating perhaps two or three days’ worth of meals in 30 minutes, then remove the excess by taking medicine to move the bowels or inducing vomiting. Nor does age necessarily protect you. Anorexia has been diagnosed in girls as young as eight. Most deaths from the condition occur in women over 45.
Doctors used to think eating disorders were purely psychological. Now they realize there’s some problematic biology as well. In a study published in the Archives of General Psychiatry recently, researchers found abnormal levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain, in women who had been free of bulimia for at least a year. That may help explain why drugs have allowed a lot of people to stop swallowing in large doses of food. Unfortunately, the pills don’t work as well for denial of food. Nor do they offer a simple one-stop cure. Health-care workers must re-educate their patients in how to eat and think about food.
How can you tell if someone you love has an eating disorder？ “Bulimics will often leave evidence around as if they want to get caught.” Says Tamara Pryor, director of an eating-disorders clinic at the University of Kansas in Wichita. Anorexics, by contrast, are more likely to go through long periods of denial.
第36题：We can infer from the first paragraph that _____.
［A］ the media has mislead the public’s view of celebrities
［B］ there is much misunderstanding about eating disorders
［C］ body image concerns are an indication of eating disorders
［D］ the entertainment industry is combating eating disorders
The most spectacular pictures so far have been provided by Mars Express, the European Space Agency's contribution to the fleet. On January 28th this reached its final working orbit (which takes it over both poles, and thus allows it to see the whole of Mars over the course of a few days as the planet revolves beneath it). It has, however, been sending back data since shortly after it arrived, and a few days ago its controllers released a series of beautiful photographs, including a stereo image of Valles Marineris, a huge canyon that may have been formed by flowing water.
The most scientifically significant result, though, has come from Opportunity, America's second Mars rover. One of Opportunity's cameras has photographed evidence of stratification in nearby rocks. Such stratification indicates that the rocks concerned are sedimentary. The layers could be repeated wind-blown deposits, or consist of ash from successive volcanic eruptions. But the terrestrial rocks they most resemble are ones that have formed under water.
The reason everyone is getting so excited is because there is a widespread assumption that any form. of life which might dwell on Mars would need liquid water to live—or, even if it could now subsist by extracting moisture from ice, would have needed liquid water to evolve to that stage. Mars has seen more probes launched towards it than all of the other planets put together precisely because of this hope that it might harbour life. So there is a lot riding on the answer—not least the funding of future missions.
Besides its scientific significance, the success of Opportunity has also helped to distract attention from the sudden refusal of Spirit, the first American rover to arrive on Mars, to talk to its controllers. This craft had tentatively, but successfully, nosed its way off its landing platform, and was about to drill its way into a nearby rock prior to doing a spot of chemical analysis, when it went silent.
However, the engineers at NASA, America's space agency, are nothing if not resourceful, and they have a good record of carrying out running repairs on spacecraft that are millions of kilometres away. In the case of Spirit, they think that one of the craft's memory chips has got cluttered up with files created on the journey to Mars. That caused another chip, which manages the first, to throw a wobbly and to keep rebooting the computer. They are currently testing this idea by loading a diagnostic program on to the computer. In addition, as a precaution, they have deleted excess files from the equivalent memory chip on Opportunity.
Spirit's spirits may thus revive. As to the failures, the Japanese abandoned their fly-by craft Nozomi in December, and the British team in charge of Beagle 2, which is presumed to have landed on December 25th but from which no signal has been received, also seems to have called it quits. Still, a 40460% success rate (depending on whether Spirit is brought back into commission) is not bad by the historical standards of missions to Mars. Now, the real science begins.
Mars Express is mentioned because______.
A．it has been sending data back to the Earth
B．it illustrates Europe's contribution to the project
C．it is the first craft to have ever landed on the Mars
D．it can help researchers see the whole of the Mars
