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更多“Any root or stem can be termed…”相关的问题
According to the passage, stem cells refer to ______.
A．cells that can become brain cells, blood cells or many other kinds of cell.
B．cells that can become what they want to be pretty much any other type of cell.
C．cells that are uncertain to become blood cells or brain cells when they grow up.
D．cells that have not decided when they grow up.
Stem cells are cells that have not yet decided what they want to be when they grow up. That is, they can become blood cells, brain cells, or pretty much any other type of cell. Their versatility makes them extremely useful for medical research. The ethical snag is that the best stem cells are harvested from human embryos, killing them. For the most ardent pro-lifers, including Mr. Bush and many of his core supporters, that is murder. Proponents of embryonic stem-cell research point out that hordes of embryos are created during fertility treatment, and the vast majority of these are either frozen indefinitely or destroyed. Is it really wrong to use them for potentially life-saving research？ Yes, said Mr. Bush on July 19th, flanked by some families who had "adopted" other people's frozen embryos and used them to have children of their own.
Mr. Bush's veto does not kill stem-cell research. Scientists who spurn federal cash may do as they please. The government still pays for research on stem cells taken from adults, a process that does not kill the donor. And a decision by Mr. Bush in 2001 allows federally-funded scientists to experiment on the few dozen embryonic stem-cell "lines" that already existed then, which can be propagated in a laboratory.
Nonetheless, scientists are furious with Mr. Bush. Federal funding would surely push them faster towards those elusive cures. Research based on adult stem cells may be promising, but not nearly as promising as that based on embryonic ones. There are worries that those few dozen embryonic stem-cell lines represent too narrow a gene pool, and that they cannot be endlessly extended without damaging them. Other countries, such as Britain and China, are enthusiastically experimenting on embryonic stem cells. But the world's most innovative nation is hanging back.
From the first paragraph, we learn that ______.
A．the House and Senate had not only passed the bill widely, but veto-proof margins.
B．most Americans support the bill although George Bush vetoed an opposite bill.
C．Mr. Bush's opinion is still final after the House and Senate had passed the bill by wide.
D．George Bush vetoed the first critical bill for embryonic adult-cell research this week.
Successful stem cell research will hopefully lead to _____.
A．the cloning of any human beings.
B．the cure of many otherwise incurable diseases.
C．the abandonment of antibiotics and vaccines.
D．the realization of human's dream of immortality.
In particular, Dr Hwang claimed he had created 11 colonies of human embryonic stem cells genetically matched to specific patients. He had already admitted that nine of these were bogus, but had said that this was the result of an honest mistake, and that the other two were still the real McCoy. A panel of experts appointed by the university to investigate the matter, however, disagreed. They found that DNA fingerprint traces conducted on the stem-cell lines reported in the paper had been manipulated to make it seem as if all 11 lines were tailored to specific patients. In fact, none of them matched the volunteers with spinal-cord injuries and diabetes who had donated skin cells for the work. To obtain his promising "results", Dr Hwang had sent for testing two samples from each donor, rather than a sample from the donor and a sample of the cells into which the donor's DNA had supposedly been transplanted.
The panel also found that a second claim in the paper-that only 185 eggs were used to create the 11 stem-cell lines-was false. The investigators said the actual number of eggs used was far larger, in the thousands, although they were unable to determine an exact figure.
The reason this double fraud is such a blow is that human embryonic stem-cell research has great expectations. Stem cells, which have not yet been programmed to specialise and can thus, in principle, grow into any tissue or organ, could be used to treat illnesses ranging from diabetes to Parkinson's disease. They might even be able to fix spinal-cord injuries. And stem cells cloned from a patient would not be rejected as foreign by his immune system,
Dr Hwang's reputation, of course, is in tatters. The university is now investigating two other groundbreaking experiments he claims to have conducted-the creation of the world's first cloned human embryo and the extraction of stem cells from it, and the creation of the world's first cloned dog. He is also in trouble for breaching ethical guidelines by using eggs donated by members of his research team.
And it is even possible that the whole farce may have been for nothing. Cloned embryos might be the ideal source of stem cells intended to treat disease, but if it proves too difficult to create them, a rough-and-ready alternative may suffice.
From the passage we may learn that Hwang Woo-suk______.
A．made up all his experience
B．is a famous geneticist in Seoul National University
C．was an employee in Seoul National University
D．published an authentic paper in Science with his 24 colleagues
While it's true that just about every cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reason: the last thing you want for your brain cells is to start churning out stomach acid or your nose to mm into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when so called stem cells haven't begun to specialize.
Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells—brain cells in Alzheimer's, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few; if doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue.
It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem cells and get them to grow into neural, gut, muscle and bone cells. The process still can't be controlled, and may have unforeseen limitations; but if efforts to understand and master stem cell development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power.
The same applies to cloning, which is really just the other side of the coin; true cloning, as first shown with the sheep Dolly two years ago, involves taking a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated cell can develop into a full fledged animal, genetically identical to its parent.
For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk production in a cow or low fat in a hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows what Ian Wilmut did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year.
Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells: the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. That could prove to be a true "miracle cure".
The writer holds that the potential to make healthy body tissues will ______.
A．aggravate moral issues of human cloning
B．bring great benefits to human beings
C．help scientists decode body instructions
D．involve employing surgical instruments
It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ______.
A．the House and Senate are furious with Mr. Bush on behalf of the scientists.
B．research based on adult stem cells must be more promising than embryonic ones.
C．many countries, except America, are keen on experimenting embryonic stem cells.
D．the UK is enthusiastic about experimenting on adult stem cells.
Scientists can go on the stem cell research because ______.
A．scientists spurn the government and Mr. Bush's veto.
B．other countriesare enthusiastically experimenting on embryonic stem cells.
C．Mr. Bush's veto does not stop stem cell research completely.
D．all the scientists in America are furious with Mr. Bush.
A single angry word has lost many a friend. When Socrates found in himself any temper or anger, he would check it by speaking low in order to control himself. If you are conscious of being angry, keep your mouth shut so that you can hold back rising anger. Many a person has dropped dead in great anger. Fits of anger bring fits of disease. "Whom the gods would destroy they first make mad. ""Keep cool", says Webster, "anger is not argument. ""Be calm in arguing", says George Herbert," for fierceness makes error a fault."
To be angry with a weak man is to proye that you are not strong yourself. "Anger", says Pythagoras," begins with folly and ends with regret. "You must measure the strength of a man by the power of the feelings he conquers, not by the power of those which conquer him.
Self-control is man's last and greatest victory.
If a man lacks self-control he seems to lack everything. Without it he can have no patience, no power to govern himself; he can have no self-confldence, for he will always be controlled by his strongest feeling. If he lacks self-control, the very backbone and nerve of character are lacking also.
What does the reader learn from the first paragraph？
A．The greatest victory for a man is to conquer everything except himself.
B．One's moral freedom is based on the control of himself.
C．To control oneself is the most difficult in one's life.
D．ff a person holds his own feelings, he will feel most shameful.
Which, to all appearances, is what Singapore wanted. The question of whether anyone should care about Michael Fay is idle. Though Singapore officials profess shock at the attention his case had drawn, they know Americans care deeply about the many sides of this issue. Does a teenager convicted of spraying cars with easily removable paint deserve half a dozen powerful strokes？ At what point does swift, sure punishment become torture？ By what moral authority can America, with its high rates of lawlessness and license, preach of a safe society about human rights？
The caning sentence has concentrated minds wondrously on an already lively domestic debate over what constitutes a due balance between individual and majority rights. Too bad Michael Fay has become a focus for this discussion. Not only does he seem destined to be pummeled and immobilized, but the use of Singapore as a standard for judging any other society, let alone the cacophonous U.S., is fairly worthless.
To begin with, Singapore is an offshore republic that tightly limits immigration. Imagine crime-ridden Los Angeles, to which Singapore is sometimes contrasted, with hardly any inflow of the hard-luck, often desperate fortune seekers who flock to big cities. Even without its government's disciplinary measures, Singapore more than plausibly would be much the same as it is now. An academic commonplace today is that the major factor determining social peace and prosperity is culture—a sense of common identity, tradition and values.
Unlike Singapore, though, the U.S. today is a nation in search of a common culture, trying to be a universal society that assimilates the traditions of people from all over the world. Efforts to safeguard minority as well as individual rights have produced a gridlock in the justice system. Its troubles stem more from the decay of family life than from any government failures. Few societies can afford to look on complacently. As travel eases and cultures intermix, the American experience is becoming the world's.
The circumstances of this affair—evidently no Singaporean has ever been punished under the Vandalism Act for defacing private property—suggest that Singapore has used Fay as an unwilling point man in a growing quarrel between East and West about human rights.
What did the writer say happened to Michael Fay in Singapore？
A．His case captured worldwide attention.
B．He received severe punishment.
C．His experience was out of the ordinary.
D．He was likely to be disabled.
It could, of course, be argued that students are not competent to evaluate the academic quality of lectures. If anyone should evaluate lecturers, it should be their colleagues. However, I am not arguing that students should be asked to comment on the academic content of lectures, but to evaluate the effectiveness.
I suspect that many of the objections to student evaluation stem from the fear some lecturers have of being subject to criticism by their students. However, lecturers should see such evaluation as an opportunity to become aware of defects in their lecturing techniques and thus to become better lecturers. Such a system should benefit both students and lecturers as well as help department heads to assess the strengths and weaknesses of their teaching staff.
According to the author, all the students know that ______. ()
A．there are great differences among the lecturers as to their quality of teaching
B．quite a lot of teachers can produce the results students desire
C．they must be inspired to learn
D．it is too dull to attend lectures
