题目内容
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When will producers have a surplus of goods？
A．When supply equals demand.
B．When there is more supply than demand.
C．When there is more demand than supply.
D．When they sell all of their goods.
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According to this law, changes in the prices of goods cause change in supply and demand. An increase in the price of the goods causes an increase in supply-then number of goods the producers make. Producers will make more goods when they can get higher prices for the goods. The producer makes more shoes as the price of shoes goes up. At the same time, an increase in the price of the goods causes a decrease in demand—the number of goods the consumers buy. This is because people buy less when the price is high. People buy fewer shoes as the price of shoes goes up. Conversely, a decrease in the price causes an increase in demand (people buy more shoes) and a decrease in supply (producers make fewer shoes).
Business firms look at both supply and demand when they make decisions about price and production. They look for the equilibrium point where supply equals demand. At this point, the number of shoes produced is 3000 and the price of the shoes is $30. $30 is the equilibrium price: at this price the consumers will buy all of the 3000 shoes which the producers make. If the producers increase the price of the shoes, or if they produce more than 3000 shoes, the consumers will not buy all of the shoes. The producers will have a surplus(过剩)—more supply than demand—so they must decrease the price in order to sell all of the shoes. On the other hand, if they make fewer than 3000 shoes, there will be a shoes shortage —more demand than supply—and the price will go up.
According to the Law of Supply and Demand, the equilibrium price is the best price for the good. The consumers and the producers will agree on this price because it is the only price that helps them both equally.
Why does an increase in price cause an increase in supply？ ______
A．Consumers buy more goods when prices are high.
B．Producers make more goods when prices are high.
C．Producers want to sell all of their goods.
D．Consumers will not buy all of the goods.
A.no producer can cover his costs of production at that price
B.the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded at that price
C.producers are leaving the industry
D.consumers are willing to buy all the units produced at that price
E.quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied at that price
"This is like bypass surgery,' says Dan Harmon, a filmmaker whose monthly L.A.-based film club and Web site, Channel 101, lets members submit short videos, such as the recent 70s' music mockumentary "Yacht Rock", and vote on which they like best. "Finally we have a new golden age where the artist has a direct connection to the audience;"
The directors behind "Lazy Sunday" embody the phenomenon. When the shaggy-haired Samberg, 27, graduated from NYU Film School in 2001, he faced the conventional challenge or, crashing the gates Of Hollywood. With his two childhood friends Akiva Schaffer and Jorma Taccone, he came up with an unconventional solution: they started recording music parodies and comic videos, and posting them to their Web site, TheLonelyisland.com.
The material got the attention of producers at the old ABC sitcom "Spin City", where Samberg and Taccone worked as low-level assistants; the producers sent a compilation to a talent agency. The friends got an agent, made a couple of pilot TV sketch shows for Comedy Central and Fox, featuring themselves hamming it up in nearly all the roles, and wrote jokes for the MTV Movie Awards. Even when the networks passed on their pilots, Samberg and his friends simply posted the episodes online and their fan base—at 40,000 unique visitors a month earlier this year—grew larger. Last August, Samberg joined the "SNL" cast, and Schaffer and Taccone became writers. Now they share an office in Rockefeller Center and "are a little too cute for everyone", Samberg says, "We are friends living our dream".
Short, funny videos like "Lazy Sunday" happen to translate online, but not everything works as well. Bite-size films are more practical than longer ones; comedy plays better than drama. But almost everything is worth trying, since the tools to create and post video are now so cheap, and ad hoc audiences can form. around any sensibility, however eccentric.
The "dawn of the democratization of the TV and film business" probably means ______.
A．film and television business is enjoying an unprecedented success
B．the general public are playing an active role in pop-culture
C．filmmakers are showing great enthusiasm for success on the Web
D．e-mail, downloads or links are now the main means of film distribution
The shift toward smart flex techs promotes diversity and feeds consumer choice to the point that a Wal-Mart store can offer the buyer nearly 110,000 products in various types, sizes, models and colors to choose among. But Wal-Mart is a mass merchandiser. Increasingly, the mass market itself is breaking up into differentiated niches as customer needs diverge and better information makes it possible for businesses to identify and serve micro markets.
Specialty stores, boutiques, superstores, TV home-shopping systems, computer based buying, direct mail and other systems provide a growing diversity of channels through which producers can distribute their wares to customers in an increasingly demassified marketplace. When we wrote Future Shock in the late 1960s, visionary marketers began talking about "market segmentation". Today they no longer focus on " segments" but on " particles "—family units and even single individuals. Meanwhile, advertising is targeted at smaller and smaller market segments reached through increasingly demassified media.
The dramatic breakup of mass audiences is underscored by the crisis of the once great TV networks, ABC, CBS, and NBC, at a time when Tele-Communications, Inc. of Denver, announces a fiber optic network capable of providing viewers with five hundred interactive channels of television. Such systems mean that sellers will be able to target buyers with even greater precision. The simultaneous demassification of production, distribution and communication revolutionizes the economy and shifts it from homogeneity toward extreme heterogeneity.
Which is true about "mass production" according to the author？
A．It promotes further development in manufacturing systems.
B．It defines the Second Wave economy and will last.
C．It involves intensive information, automation, and customization.
D．It is becoming dated for the present economy.
In education, there should be a good balance among the branches of knowledge that contribute to effective thinking and wise judgment. Such balance is defeated by too much emphasis on any one field. This question of balance involves not only the relation of the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the arts but also relative emphases among the natural sciences themselves.
Similarly, we must have a balance between current and classical knowledge. The attention of the public is continually drawn to new possibilities in scientific fields and the discovery of new knowledge; these should not be allowed to mm our attention away from the sound, established materials that form. the basis of courses for beginners.
According to the first paragraph, the task of education is fairly complicated because ______.
A．the current public school system is too complicated to be understood
B．the public school system has no choice of what to teach
C．it is difficult to decide whether elementary science should be taught in public schools
D．the educators have to take care of both ordinary and gifted students
＜wt＞
[Quotas , tariffs and subsidies＜/div＞]
Like most wars,a trade war may bring about desired economic or political changes, but in the long run almost everyone suffers ,including those whom the trade war was meant to help.
An efficient carmaker, for example, may ask for limits of foreign imports, hoping to keep its price high without improving the quality of its products. In the end , however , other countries may retaliate with trade restrictions of their own. Consumers and businesses in both countries are then forced to buy poorly made and expensive domestic products. Trade restrictions might protect a few jobs in inefficient industries,but the whole economy often suffers by becoming less competitive in the international markets.
The most common tools for limiting imports of foreign goods and services are quotas, tariffs,and subsidies. When a country imposes a quota, it limits the quantity of certain foreign products that can be imported. A tariff is a tax placed on goods entering a country , raising the price of imported goods. A government can also use the taxpayers' money to provide a subsidy to local producers , making the price of local goods artificially lower than imported goods.
Trade barriers, like walls between feuding neighbors, are usually imposed unilaterally by one country acting on its own to limit the amount of foreign products available to local producer from foreign competition and allow them time to improve their products or lower their prices as long as they are protected from foreign competition by trade barriers.
Although trade restrictions are of dubious economic value, they have been shown to be effective in bringing about political or social change. The refusal of countries to trade and do business with South Africa, for example, was widely seen to be responsible for the decision to dismantle the system of apartheid. Trade blockades can be useful in forcing countries to change policies that violate human rights or international treaties, but as long as a sufficient number of countries join in the blockade to make it effective.
Questions for reading :
＜w＞(1) Why do traders ask for limits of foreign imports？
＜w＞(2) What may trade restrictions lead to？
＜w＞(3) What are the most common tools for limiting imports of foreign goods and services？
＜w＞(4) Can the trade protection make local producers improve their products or lower their prices of their goods？
＜w＞(5) How can trade blockades be useful in forcing countries to change policies that violate human rights or international treaties？
＜da＞
＜a＞(1) They hope to keep its price high without improving the quality of its products.
＜a＞(2) Other countries may retaliate with trade restrictions of their own. Consumers and businesses in both countries are then forced to buy poorly made and expensive domestic products.
＜a＞(3) Quotas, tariffs, and subsidies.
＜a＞(4) Yes, it can.
＜a＞(5) A sufficient number of countries join in the blockade to make it effective.
Why isn't dollar worth as much as it used to be？ One dollar is always worth the same amount, that is, 100 cents. But the value of a dollar is how much it can buy. The value of money depends on the cost of living. Economists say that the cost of living is the money that a family must pay for the necessities of life such as food, housing or rent, clothes, and medical expenses. For many years now, the cost of living has increased greatly, so the value of the dollar has decreased. When a dollar has a low value, you cannot buy as many things with it.
No one fully understands why the cost of living keeps increasing, but economists believe that workers and producers can make prices go up. As workers earn more money, they have more money to spend, so they demand more goods. If there is a great demand for certain goods, the prices of these goods go up. At the same time, if there's a shortage of goods, the prices also go up. For example, if everyone wants to buy more and more gas, the price of gas goes up. When companies withhold gas from buyers, they can also make the price of gas go up.
Families need to know what happens to their money. They need to make their income meet the cost of living, so many people plan a family budget (预算). A budget is a list of monthly expenses. If your expenses add up to more than your income, you must find ways to save money. Maybe you're spending too much on entertainment. Or if you're spending too much on clothes, you may want to sew your own clothes. Budgeting helps you spend your money wisely as the cost of living increases.
What has troubled many families in the United States？
A．A not-large-enough income.
B．Nothing is left over to put away.
C．The increasing cost of living.
D．A shortage of certain goods.
Advertisement is mainly paid for by______.
A．the customers
B．increased sales
C．the producers
D．reduced prices
Why will consumers and producers agree on the equilibrium price？
A．It will help them both equally.
B．It is the only price for the goods.
C．lt is the lowest price.
D．AU of the goods will be sold.
The factors of supply and demand generally () the price that consumers pay producers for goods and services.
A. cut down
B. add to
C. influence
