题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
How did researchers know that ancient Greeks rushed to watch the Olympics？
A．Thousands of people came to watch.
B．The main stadium is still not big enough.
C．They have found the related record of events.
D．Many of them were visitors and pilgrims.
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Plomin's colleagues drew blood from two groups of 51 children each. They are all White living in six counties around Cleveland. In one group, the average IQ is 136. In the other group, the average IQ is 103. Isolating the blood cells, the researchers then examined each child's chromosome 6 (One of the 23 human chromosomes). Of the 37 land marks on chromosome 6 that the researchers looked for, one jumped out: a form. of gene called IGF2R occurred in twice as many children in high IQ group as in the average growth—32 percent versus 16 percent. The study concludes that it is this form. of the IGF2R gene, called allele 5, that contributes to intelligence.
Plomin cautions that "This is not a genius gene. It is one of many". (About half the differences in intelligence between one person and another are thought to reflect different genes, and half reflect different life experiences.)The gene accounts for no more than four extra IQ points. And it is neither necessary nor sufficient for high IQ: 23 percent of the average-IQ kids did have it, but 54 percent of genius kids did not.
The smart gene is known by the snappy name "insulin like growth factor 2 receptor" (IGH2R to its fun). It lets hormones like one similar to insulin dock with cells. Although a gene involved with insulin is not the most obvious candidate for an IQ gene, new evidence suggests it might indeed play the role. Sometimes when s hormone docks with the cell, it makes the cell grow; sometimes it makes the cell commit suicide. Both responses could choreograph the development of the brain. Scientists at the National Institutes of Health find that insulin can stimulate nerves to grow. And in rat brains, regions involved in learning and memory are chock full of insulin receptors.
Even though this supports the idea that IGF2R can affect the brain and hence intelligence, some geneticists see major problems with the IQ-gene study. One is the possibility that Plomin's group fell for what's called the chopsticks fallacy. Geneticists might think they've found a gene for chopsticks dexterity, but all they've really found is a gene more common in Asians than, say, Africans. Similarly, Plomin's IQ gene might simply be one that is more common in groups that emphasize academic achievement. "What if the gene they've found reflects ethnicity？" asks geneticist Andrew Feinberg of Johns Hopkins University. "I would take these findings with a whole box of salt".
As for how much of IQ comes from the genes and how much come from experiences,______.
A．scientists have reached an agreement
B．scientists' opinions vary
C．no genes have ever been identified
D．scientists have found many smart genes
Most AIDS researchers agree that vaccines will be the only effective way to control a virus that has killed 28 million people and infected 42 million more worldwide.
Two dozen other vaccines are being tested on 12,000 human volunteers, but none has advanced as far as VaxGen's, and any successful candidate is years away. Officials at Brisbane, Calif-based VaxGen said the Thai results underscored again how wily AIDS is in thwarting the immune system. The findings also show "how important it is for the international public health community to redouble the effort to develop an effective vaccine," President Dr. Donald Francis said.
VaxGen's vaccine, like most others being tested, did not contain the virus itself and cannot cause AIDS. Instead, the vaccine contained small, manmade genetic bits of the virus that scientists had hoped would provoke an immune response strong enough to stop the virus from invading healthy cells. Three years ago, the company enrolled 2,546 people in and around Bangkok who were at high risk for HIV because they habitually swapped needles to inject drugs. Half were given the experimental vaccine and half were given a placebo. All volunteers were given extensive risk-reduction counseling, the company said. In the end, the vaccine offered no greater protection: 105 people given the placebo became infected with HIV, while 106 people given the vaccine tested positive. In February, VaxGen announced its vaccine was ineffective against a different AIDS strain found in North America.
The failure of this experimental vaccine reinforces the hardness of anti-AIDS battle, and the ultimate success seems to emerge years later. However, mankind is not so vulnerable to be completely defeated by AIDS.
Where is the experimental AIDS vaccine tested？
A．In Thailand
B．In North America
C．At Brisbane
D．In Africa
Scientists have thought of these collisions as mergers: a smaller object (the impactor) hits a larger one (the target) and sticks to it. But new computer modeling by Erik Asphaug and Craig B. Agnor of the University of California, Santa Cruz, shows that things weren't that simple. "Most of the time, the impactor and the target go off on their merry ways", Dr. Asphaug said. About half the collisions are these hit-and-nm affairs. Now the two researchers and a colleague, Quentin Williams. have done simulations to study the effects of these collisions on the impactors. They are not pretty.
"The impactors suffer all kinds of fates", Dr. Asphaug said. They undergo tremendous shearing and gravitational forces that can cause them to fracture into smaller pieces or melt, causing chemical changes in the material and loss of water or other volatile compounds. Or the crust and cover can be stripped off, leaving just an embryonic iron core.
The researchers, whose findings are published in Nature, discovered that two objects did not even have to collide to create an effect on the smaller one from the gravitational forces of a near-collision during the simulations. Dr. Asphaug said, "We'd look and say, 'Gosh, we just got rid of the whole atmosphere of that planetoid: it didn't even hit and it sucked the whole atmosphere off.'"
The researchers suggest that the remains of these beaten-up, fractured and melted objects can be found in the asteroid belt. Dr. Asphaug said that could explain the prevalence of "iron relics" in the belt. Some of these planetoid remnants also eventually hit Earth: that would help explain why certain meteorites lack water and other volatile elements.
The hit-and-run collision model also provides an explanation for Vesta. a large asteroid with an intact crust and cover. How did Vesta keep its cover while so many other objects were losing theirs？ Dr. Asphang said it could be that Vesta was always the target, never the impactor, and was thus less affected. "It just had to avoid being the hitter", he said, "until bigger objects left the system".
The planets were formed as a result of______.
A．collisions of objects in inner solar system
B．the merging of a smaller object and a larger one
C．the impactor sticking to the target
D．chemical changes
Dr Steven Brown, from McMaster University in Canada, said, "It looks like when you are acting, you are suppressing (压制) yourself; almost like the character is possessing you." Brown and colleagues report how 15 actors, mainly theatre students, were trained to take on a Shakespeare role — either Romeo or Juliet — in a theatre workshop. They were then invited into the laboratory, where their brains were scanned in a series of experiments. Once inside the MRI scanner, the actors were asked to answer a number of questions, such as: would they go to the party？ And would they tell their parents that they had fallen in love？ Each actor was asked to respond to different questions, based on two different premises (前提). In one, they were asked for their own perspective, while in the other, they were asked to respond as though they were either Romeo or Juliet.
The results revealed that the brain activity differed depending on the situation being tested. The team found that when the actors were in character, they use some third-person knowledge or inferences about their character. The team said they also found additional reduction in activity in two regions of the prefrontal cortex (前额皮质) linked to the sense of self, compared with when the actors were responding as themselves.
However, Philip Davis, a professor at the University of Liverpool, was unimpressed by the research, saying acting is about far more than "pretending" to be someone — it involves embodying (体现) the text and language.
1.How did Dr Brown's team conduct their research？（）
A.By scanning the brain activity of some actors
B.By doing a survey with some theatre goers
C.By interviewing some theatre teachers
D.By consulting some experienced researchers
2. Which of the following is Not True according to the research？（）
A. When actors are acting, they are suppressing themselves
B. The subjects (实验的研究对象)were all theatre students
C. The subjects’ brains were scanned in a series of experiments
D. The subjects’ brain activity differed depending on the situation being tested
E. The subjects were asked different questions
3.What is the finding of Dr Brown's research？（）
A.Acting is not as mysterious as people think
B.Actors' brain activity differs when they are acting
C.Acting is far more than pretending to be the character
D.Actors' brain activity is more active when they are in character
4.How did Philip Davis react to the research？（）
A.He supported it
B.He doubted it
C.He explained it
D.He advocated it
5.What is the text mainly about？（）
A.A debate of how the brain functions
B.A play written by Shakespeare
C.A research on the brain activity of actors
D.A report of the cooperation of scientists and actors
The author mentions the psychological condition of the drivers, in order to
A．show some of the inaccurate estimations by researchers
B．show how important it is for drivers to be emotionally healthy
C．give an example so the various reasons for road accidents
D．illustrate the hidden tensions in the course of driving
Mr. Pollet and Dr. Nettle were looking for【5】to support the contention that women choose men of【6】status and resources, as well as good looks. That may sound common sense, but it was often【7】by social scientists until a group of researchers who called themselves evolutionary psychologists started investigating the matter two decades ago. Since then, a series of experiments in laboratories have supported the contention. But as all zoologists know,【8】can only tell you so much. Eventually, you have to look at【9】populations.
And that is what Mr. Pollet and Dr. Nettle have done. They have examined data from the 19t0 census of the United States of America and discovered that marriage is, indeed, a market. Moreover, as in any market, a【10】of buyers means the sellers have to have particularly attractive goods on【11】if they are to make the exchange.
The advantage of picking 1910 was that America had not yet settled down, demographically speaking. Though the long-colonized eastern states had a sex【12】of one man to one woman, or thereabouts, in the rest of the country the old adage "go west, young man" had resulted in a【13】of males. Mr. Pollet and Dr Nettle were thus able to see just how picky women are,【14】the chance.
【15】looking at the whole census, the two researchers relied on a sample of one person in 250. They then【16】the men in the sample a socioeconomic status score between zero and 96, on a scale drawn up in 1950 (which was as close to 1910 as they could get). They showed that in states where the sexes were equal in number, 56% of low status men were married by the age of 30,【17】60% of high status men were. Even in this case, then, there are women who would prefer to remain【18】rather than marry a deadbeat. When there were 110 men for every 100 women (as, for example, in Arizona), the women got really【19】. In that case only 24% of low-status men were married by 30 compared with 46% of high-status men. As the men went west, then, so did their【20】opportunities.
(1)
A．discuss
B．argue
C．complain
D．consider
According to the writer, how did the young scientists feel before the flight？
A．sick
B．keen
C．nervous
D．impatient
Text 3
Thirty- two people watched Kitty' Genovese being killed right beneath their windows. She was their neighbor. Yet none of them helped her. Not one even called the police. Was this gunman cruelty？ Was it lack of feeling about one' s fellow man？
"Not so," say scientists John Barley and Bib Fatane. These men went beyond the headlines to probe the masons why people didn't act. They found that a person has to go through two steps before he can help. First he has to notice that is an emergency. Suppose you see a middle - aged man fall to the side - walk. Is he having a heart attack？ Is he in a coma (昏迷) from diabetes(糖尿病) ？ Or is he about to sleep off a drunk？ Is the smoke coming into the room from a leak in the air conditioning？ Is it "steam pipes" ？ Or is it really smoke from a fire？ It' s not always easy to tell if you are faced with a real emergency.
Second, and more important, the person faced with an emergency must feel personally responsible. He must feel that he must help, or the person won' t get the help he needs. The researchers found that a lot depends on how many people are around. They had college students in to be "tested". Some came alone. Some came with one or two others. And some came in large groups. The receptionist started them off on the "tests". Then she went into the next room. A curtain divided the "testing room" and the room into which she went. Soon the students heard a scream, the noise of file cabinets falling and a cry for help. All of these had been pre - recorded on a tape - recorder. Eight out of ten of the students taking the test alone acted to help. Of the students in pairs, only two out of ten helped. Of the students in groups, none helped.
In other words, in a group, Americans often fail to act. They feel that others will act. They, themselves, needn't. They do not feel any direct responsibility. Are people bothered by situations where people are in trouble？ Yes. Scientists found that the people were emotional, they sweated, they had trembling hands. They felt the other person's trouble. But they did not act. They were in a group. Their actions, were shaped by the actions of those they were with.
31. The purpose of this passage is______.
A) to explain why people fail to act in emergencies
B) to explain when people will act in emergencies
C) to explain what people will do in emergencies
D) to explain how people feel in emergencies
A typical brain-teaser went like this. There are three light switches on the ground-floor wall of a three-storey house. Two of the switches do nothing, but one of them controls a bulb on the second floor. When you begin, the bulb is off. You can only make one visit to the second floor. How do you work out which switch is the one that controls the light？
This problem, or one equivalent to it, was presented on a computer screen to a volunteer when that volunteer pressed a button. The electrical activity of the volunteer’s brain (his brainwave pattern) was recorded by the EEG from the button’s press. Each volunteer was given 30 seconds to read the puzzle and another 60 to 90 seconds to solve it.
Some people worked it out; others did not. The significant point, though, was that the EEG predicted who would fall where. Those volunteers who went on to have an insight (in this case that on their one and only visit to the second floor they could use not just the light hut the heat produced by a bulb as evidence of an active switch) had had different brainwave activity from those who never got it. In the right frontal cortex, a part of the brain associated with shifting mental states, there was an increase in high-frequency gamma waves (those with 47-48 cycles a second). Moreover, the difference was noticeable up to eight seconds before the volunteer realised he had found the solution. Dr. Sheth thinks this may he capturing the “transformational thought” in action, before the brain’s “owner” is consciously aware of it.
This finding poses fascinating questions about how the brain really works. Conscious thought, it seems, does not solve problems. Instead, unconscious processing happens in the background and only delivers the answer to consciousness once it has been arrived at. Food for further thought, indeed.
Which kind of problems can he used in Dr. Bhattacharya and Dr. Sheth’s research？
A．Theoretical brain-teasing problems,
B．Simple but rarely known problems.
C．Puzzling hut realistic problems.
D．Simple but theoretical problems.
