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Living standards soared during the twentieth century, and economists expect them to contin

ue rising in the decades ahead. Does that mean that we humans can look forward to increasing happiness？

Easterlin admits that richer people are more likely to report themselves as being happier than poorer people are. But steady improvements in the American economy have not been accompanied by steady increases in people's self-assessments of their own happiness. "There has been not improvement in average happiness in the United States over almost a half century—a period in which real GDP (gross domestic product) per capital more than doubled," Easterlin reports.

The explanation for this paradox may be that people become less satisfied over time with a given level of income. In Easterlin's word: "As incomes rise, the aspiration level does too, and the effect of this increase in aspirations is to invalidate the expected growth in happiness due to higher income."

Money can buy happiness, Easterlin seems to be saying, but only if one's amounts get bigger and other people aren't getting more. His analysis helps to explain sociologist Lee Rainwater's finding that Americans' perception of the income "necessary to get along" rose between 1950 and 1986 in the same proportion as actual per capital income. We feel rich if we have more than our neighbors, poor if we have less, and feeling relatively well off is equated with being happy.

Easterlin's findings challenge psychologist Abraham Maslow's "hierarchy of wants" as a reliable guide to future human motivation. Maslow suggested that as people's basic material wants are satisfied they seek to achieve nonmaterial or spiritual goals. But Easterlin's evidence points to the persistence of materialism.

Science has developed no cure for envy, so our wealth boosts our happiness only briefly while shrinking that of our neighbors. Thus the outlook for the future is gloomy in Easterlin's view:

"The future, then, to which the era of modem economic growth is leading is one of never ending economic growth, a world in which ever growing abundance is matched by ever rising aspirations, a world in which cultural difference is leveled in the constant race to achieve the good life of material plenty, it is a world founded on belief in science and the power of rational inquiry and in the ultimate capacity of humanity to shape its own destiny. The irony is that in this last respect the lesson of history appears to be otherwise: that there is no choice. In the end, it is not the triumph of humanity over material wants; rather, it is the triumph of material wants over humanity."

Easterlin seems to suggest that

A．the richer people become, the happier they feel.

B．people feel unhappy just because they are not rich enough.

C．the increase of wealth certainly results in the increase of happiness.

D．the increase of wealth does not necessarily result in the increase of happiness.

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更多“Living standards soared during…”相关的问题
第1题
With the development of science and ______, people's living standards are increasingly imp
roved.

A．skill

B．technique

C．technology

D．mechanic

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第2题
The high living standards of the US cause its present population to ______ 25 percent of t
he world's oil.

A．assume

B．consume

C．resume

D．presume

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第3题
Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segm

Part C

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ.

46) Economic growth involves increases over time in the volume of a country's per capita gross national product (GNP) of goads and services. Such continuing increases can raise average living standards substantially and provide a stronger base for other policy objectives. 47) It is only in the last two centuries that continued growth in living standards has been realized for a number of now—developed countries, and this process has broadened in the 20th century to include a number of developing countries. 48) However, the fairly steady expansion in the third quarter of the 20th century gave way to a period of slower and more erratic growth for both- high-and low-income countries, while some of the economically poorest countries were thus far unable to establish a serf-sustaining pattern of development. It also became increasingly evident that there were serious environmental problems associated with some types of growth in production. In examining the record of economic growth and development, economists offer some explanations for the changes involved, and the attempts by governments to plan these changes. Five major issues are involved.

The first is why economic growth occurs more quickly in some countries and periods than in others. It is the increase in the size and quality of the factors of production that underlies growth, but certain forces deserve special attention. A variety of models of economic growth give expression to the understanding of these forces. Increasing attention has been paid in these models and in policy to the international aspects of growth. This trend is partly a reflection of the growing internationalization of economic activity. It also reflects a number of potentially destabilizing changes in the international economy that became evident during the 1970s.

49) A second issue is the challenges facing the low-income countries, namely, to move from subsistence levels of per capita income to a level that would generate self-sustaining growth and also to reduce the gap between themselves and the higher-income countries. A third issue, productivity, is central to changes in living standards and to-the analysis of international competitiveness.

A fourth major issue is the attempt to maintain growth and increase development through economic planning. 50)Planning became a widespread phenomenon during and just after World War Ⅱ and was given further emphasis in many newly independent countries that were industrializing. Beginning in the 1970s the emphasis shifted to more decentralized planning, with deregulation and privatization of industry as two aspects of this process.

Underlying economic growth and planning is a fifth issue, the attempt to predict economic activity. Modern forecasting involves a variety of computer-based techniques at the level of the firm, the country, and the international economy. The accuracy of forecasting has been reduced by increased uncertainty in the global and national economies since the early 1970s.

46.__________________________

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第4题
What do we mean by a satisfactory standard of living？ Obviously, it must include the basic
necessities of life such as food, clothing and shelter. To get these necessities on regular basis, a person must have a reliable income. But we have other needs which would probably also be included as basic, such as health and education facilities.

We may think of all of these as our needs. Yet most of us would be far from satisfied if we had nothing more than these which are supplied for us. (78) We all enjoy extra income to spend on things like books, sports or hobbies. Sometimes we save some of this extra income to pay for future expense of this type on holidays. So we must add our wants to our basic needs. Our standard of living is the degree, to which these needs and wants are satisfied.

But as time goes on, what we think of as our basic needs changes. Twenty years ago a television would have been a luxury, and still is in many countries now. Even now we cannot say it is a need in the same sense as food, clothing and shelter. Yet if most of the people of a country have one, it comes to be accepted as a need．It is possible therefore to have food, clothing and shelter and still be poor by the standards of our own society.

What we need in life is divided into ________ according to this article.

A．the basic necessities and luxury

B．many kinds of need such as food, clothing and houses

C．four groups the basic necessities, luxury, reliable income and future expense

D．the basic necessities and reliable income

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第5题
In the United States, older people rarely live with their adult children. But in many othe
r cultures children are expected to care【1】their aged parents. In some parts of Italy, the percentage of adult children who【2】with their parents【3】65 to 70 percent. In Thailand, too, children are expected to take care of their elderly parents; few Thai elderly live【4】. What explains these differences in living arrangements【5】cultures？ Modernization theory【6】the extended family household to low levels of economic development. In traditional societies, the elderly live with their children in large extended family units for economic reasons. But with modernization, children move to urban areas, leaving old people【7】in【8】rural areas. Yet modernization theory cannot explain why extended family households were never common in the United States or England, or why families in Italy, which is fully modernized,【9】a strong tradition of intergenerational living. Clearly, economic development alone cannot explain【10】living arrangements. Another theory associated intergenerational living arrangements with inheritance patterns. In some cultures, the stem family pattern of inheritance【11】.【12】this system, parents live with a married child, usually the oldest son, who then【13】their property when they die. The stem family system was once common in Japan, but changes in inheritance laws,【14】broader social changes brought【15】 by industrialization and urbanization, have【16】the【17】.In 1960 about 80 percent of Japanese over 65 lived with their children; by 1990 only 60 percent did-a figure that is still high【18】U.S. standards, but which has been【19】steadily. In Korea, too, traditional living arrangements are【20】: the percentage of aged Koreans who live with a son declined from 77 percent in 1984 to 50 percent just 10 years later. Although most elderly Koreans still expect to live with a son, their adult children do not expect to live with their children when they grow old.

(1)

A．about

B．after

C．for

D．over

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第6题
The signs of the degeneration of American society and of Western civilization are all

too plain: declining educational standards, rising crime, disintegrating families and record rate of suicide among the young.Able-bodied beggars have become a common sight in cities from San Francisco to Washington, as well as in London and Paris.

Murders involving guns in New York City are now more than 30 times what they were half a century ago. Racial polarization has become far more common on college campuses than it was 20 years ago, and separate living arrangements have been created by college administrators who nevertheless proclaim their devotion to"diversity".

Official irresponsibility in Washington is symbolized by the soaring national debt-during a decade when government revenues doubled. And the new tax increases will not reduce this debt by one penny because spending has not been cut but simply renamed"investment."

Worst of all, much of the degeneracy of our times is not merely tolerated but celebrated. The crude words of“rap” music have beensanctified in editorial columns and by PhD.s at respected universities.Multiple murderers are mourned at their executions. An accused child molester (骚扰儿童者) on the Stanford University faculty has a medal struck in his honor after he commits suicide when confronted with the charges.

Despite a long history of struggle by blacks for better education, it has now become common in ghetto schools for those black youngsters who excel academically to be denounced for“acting white”--and to face social exclusion, or even physical violence, from their classmates.

The barbarians are not at the gates. They are inside.

1.According to the author, college administrators().

A.should not be blamed for racial discrimination

B.have successfully implemented satisfactory living arrangements for the students

C.approve of the various living styles among the student

D.have contributed to racial discrimination against their promise

2.The author believes that the national debt is soaring because().

A.government revenues have doubled

B.the officials in the government are not responsible

C.the government has invested heavily in the defense fields

D.people have failed to pay their taxes

3.It can be inferred from the passage that the most serious social degeneration of American society is the fact that().

A.People’s moral values are confused

B.people are generally irresponsible

C.young people are no longer ambitious

D.legal system is too lenient for criminals

4.The word"sanctified" in the fourth paragraph most likely means().

A.forbidden

B.criticized

C.accompanied

D.approved

5.From the fifth paragraph we can see that().

A.black children now receive better education

B.black children do better academically than white children

C.black children who do well at school are persecuted

D.black children pay more attention to education than ever before

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第7题
Anyone who doubts that global financial markets control national economies need only look
at the crisis facing the "tigers" of the Far East. Last year, the value of their currencies dropped rapidly, after investors decided that their economic policies were not strong enough; now the region is suffering slower growth, lower living standards and rising unemployment.

The situation in Asia shows how power has shifted from individual governments to the markets. In theory, governments are free to set their own economic policies; in practice, they must conform. to a global economic model or risk being penalized by the markets.

Adjusting to this new "economic order" is proving difficult, in the developed world, and in particular the European Union, globalization is facing widespread public resistance. Critics complain that, without the protection of trade barriers, jobs are being lost to workers in poorer countries, and wages for employees in rich countries are falling. Opponents in the European Union point to the effects that globalization has had in the U.S. and Britain. In those countries, wages are stagnant--except for a few privileged--and taxes and welfare benefits have been reduced to help companies compete with industries in the developing world.

Those in favor of globalization accuse their critics of being shortsighted protectionists. They claim that a more integrated global economy will ultimately benefit everyone because it will enable countries to specialize in those areas where they perform. best. Developing countries, with their higher populations and lower wages, will concentrate on labor-intensive industries. The richer countries, on the other hand, will diversify into high-tech industries, where high productivity and specialist knowledge are paramount. The effect of this will be to improve productivity in all countries, leading to higher living standards. The free movement of capital will also help poorer countries develop so that they can play a full and active role in the world economy. But how close are we to a truly global economy？ For those in favor of globalization, probably too close. But in terms of real economic integration, there are still many problems to be solved. A global economy would mean complete freedom of movement of goods and services, capital, and labor. Yet, even ignoring the tariffs and other restrictions still in place, cross-border trade remains tiny as compared with the volume of goods and services traded within countries; foreign investment is also extremely small, amounting to little more than five percent of the developed world's domestic investments.

But what is really holding globalization back is the lack of labor mobility. Labor markets remain overwhelmingly national, even in areas like the European Union, where citizens can live and work in any EU country. The main reasons for this are language and cultural barriers; the lack of internationally recognized qualifications; and, in some cases, strict immigration controls.

The main reason why some Asian countries are suffering from economic depression is that they ______.

A．doubt that global financial markets will control national economies

B．fail to follow a global economic model adequately

C．have set their own free economic policies

D．have their power interfere with the markets

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第8题
Text 3Investment in the public sector, such as electricity, irrigation, public services an

Text 3

Investment in the public sector, such as electricity, irrigation, public services and transport (excluding vehicles, ships and planes) increased by about 10%, although the emphasis moved to the transport and away from the other sectors mentioned. Trade and services recorded a 16%～17% investment growth, including a 30% increase in investment in business premises. Industrial investment is estimated to have risen by 8%. Although the share of agriculture in total gross in vestment in the economy continued to decline, investment grew 9% in absolute terms, largely spurred on by a 23% expansion of investment in agricultural equipment. Housing construction had 12% more invested in it in 1964, not so much owing to increased demand, as to fears of new taxes and limitation of building.

Total consumption in real terms rose by close on 11% during 1964, and per capital personal consumption by under 7% ,as in 1963. The undesirable trend towards a rapid rise in consumption, evident in previous years, remained unaltered. Since at current prices consumption rose by 16% and disposable income by 13% ,there was evidently a fall in the rate of saving in the private sector of the economy. Once again consumption patterns indicated a swift advance in the standard of living. Expenditure on food declined in significance, although consumption of fruit increased.

Spending on furniture and household equipment, health, education and recreation continued to increase. The greatest proof of altered living standards was the rapid expansion of expenditure on transport (including private cars) and personal services of all kinds, which occurred during 1964. The progressive wealth of large sectors of the public was demonstrated by the changing composition of durable goods purchased. Saturation point was rapidly being approached for items such as the first household radio, gas cookers, and electric, refrigerators, whereas increasing purchases of automobiles and television sets were registered.

31. the author thinks that the trend towards a rapid rise in consumption was "undesirable" because ______.

A) people saved less

B) people were wealthy

C) people consumed less

D) expenditures on luxuries increased

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第9题
Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.It serves directly
to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices，thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living.By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor，and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment.It lowers the costs of many services：without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much，the price of your television license would need to be doubled，and travel by bus or tube would cost percent more.And perhaps most important of all，advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy.Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising，no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising.He will not do so for long，for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once.If you see an article consistently advertised，it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it，and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he

was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs.He was drawing excessively fine distinctions.Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information-and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve，for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.But perhaps that is what the well-know television personality wants.

6.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that().

A.he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising

B.everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming

C.advertising costs money like everything else

D.it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising

7.The phrase“live up to" in Line 3，Paragraph 2 can be replaced by().

A.survive

B.complement

C.agree with

D.carry on

8.In the passage，which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising？()

A.Securing greater fame

B.Providing more jobs

C.Enhancing living standards

D.Reducing newspaper cost.

9.The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ().

A.very precise in passing his judgment on advertising

B.interested in nothing but the buyer‘s attention

C.correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information

D.obviously partial in his views on advertising

10.In the author‘s opinion.()

A.advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information

B.advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over

C.there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer

D.the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement

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第10题
以下哪个不是DNS域名记录类型？（)

A.soa

B.ns

C.info

D.txt

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第11题
In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associat
ion. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honour of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 B.C.

The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonoured persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain, but events included boy's gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games.

On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honoured by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honour that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.

After an uninterrupted history of almost 1200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A.D. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896.

Nowadays, the Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities, including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing countries pay their own athletes' expenses.

The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun's rays. It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals, and it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modern conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.

In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games ______.

A．were merely national athletic festivals

B．were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colour

C．had rules which put foreign participants in s disadvantageous position

D．were primarily national events with few foreign participants

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