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[主观题]

Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as "a bodily exercise precious to heal

th. " But【B1】______some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does【B2】______short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,【B3】______heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to【B4】______, a good laugh is unlikely to have【B5】______benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.

【B6】______, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the【B7】______. Studies dating back to the 1930's indicate that laughter【B8】______muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.

Such bodily reaction might conceivably help【B9】______the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of【B10】______feedback that improve an individual's emotional state.【B11】______one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted【B12】______physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry【B13】______they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow.

Although sadness also【B14】______tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow【B15】______muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to【B16】______a pen either with their teeththereby creating an artificial smileor with their lips, which would produce a(n)【B17】______expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles【B18】______more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown,【B19】______that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way a-round.【B20】______, the physical act of laughter could improve mood.

【B1】

A．among

B．except

C．despite

D．like

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第1题

In the early days of ancient Olympic Games ______.A．only male Greek athletes were allowed

In the early days of ancient Olympic Games ______.

A．only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the Games

B．all Greeks, irrespective in of sex, religion or social status, were allowed to take part

C．all Greeks, with the exception of women, were allowed to compete in the Games

D．all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the Games

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第2题

Which of the following historical events does not directly help to stimulate the risi

ng of the Renaisssance Movement？（）

A.The rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture

B.The new discoveries in geography and astrology

C.The Glorious revolution

D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion

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第3题

The ancient Greeks developed basic memory systems called Mnemonics. The name is （1) from their G

The ancient Greeks developed basic memory systems called Mnemonics. The name is(1)from their Goddess of Memory, Mnemosene. In the ancient world, a trained memory was an(2)asset, particularly in public life. There were no(3)devices for taking notes and early Greek orators (演说家) delivered long speeches with great(4)because they learned the speeches using Mnemonic systems.

The Greeks discovered that human memory is(5)an associative process—that it works by linking things together. For example, think of an apple. The(6)your brain registers the word "apple", it(7)the shape, colour, taste, smell and(8)of that fruit. All these things are associated in your memory with the word "apple".

(9). An example could be when you think about a lecture you have had. This could trigger a memory about what you were talking about through that lecture, which can then trigger another memory.

(10). An example given on a website I was looking at follows: Do you remember the shape of Austria, Canada, Belgium or Germany？ Probably not. What about Italy, though？(11)You made an association with something already known, the shape of a boot, and Italy's shape could not be forgotten once you had made the association.

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第4题

Somepeoplehateeverythingthatismodern.Theycannotimaginehowanyonecanreallylikemodernmusic;th

Some people hate everything that is modern. They cannot imagine how anyone can really like modern music; they

find it hard to accept the new fashions in clothing; they think that all modern painting is ugly; and they seldom

have a good word for the new buildings that are being built everywhere in the world. Such people look for

perfection in everything, and they take their standards of perfection from the past. They are usually impatient

with anyone who is brave enough to experiment with new or to express himself or the age in materials original

ways. It is, of course, true that many artists do not succeed in their work and instead produce works that can

only be considered as failures. If the work of art is a painting, the artist’s failure concerns himself alone, but if

it is a building, his failure concerns others too, because it may damage the beauty of the whole place. This does

sometimes happen, but it is completely untrue to say, as some people do, that modern architecture is nothing.

We can’t judge every modern building by the standards of the ancient time, even though we admire the ancient

buildings. Technologically, the modern buildings are more advanced. The modern architect knows he should learn

from the ancient works, but with his greater resources of knowledge and materials, he will never be content to

imitate the past. He is too proud to do that.

Some people hate everything that is modern because _______.

A. they are aged

B. they find it hard to accept modern things

C. they take their standards of perfection from the Greek

D. they look at things by the standards of the past

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第5题

Anthropology (人类学) is the study of how people live. It includes their family life,

religion, art, laws and language. The term anthropology comes from two Greek words: "anthropos" means "human being" and "logy" means "the science of. Anthropology can be divided into two areas. These two main divisions are cultural anthropology and physical anthropology. Culture includes many things, such as art, religion, laws, and even furniture and movies. Anthropologists define human progress in three main steps. Step one begins with the first human being and continues until the last of the people who hunted animals just to survive. Step two includes people who grew food. In this step, there was progress in invention and religion. The third step deals with the first civilizations, such as those in Egypt and parts of Asia. Anthropologists always seek new information about people. For instance, recent evidence found in Ethiopia and Kenya shows humans earlier in history than it was previously believed.

1.According to the passage, anthropology mainly deals with ______.

A、family life, religion and art

B、differences between human races

C、the study of ancient people

D、the study of different cultures

2.What have anthropologists recently found_____.

A、There are cultural anthropology and physical anthropology

B、there are three steps in the progress of human beings

C、There were more civilizations in Egypt than in parts of Asia

D、There is a longer history of human beings than it was thought before

3.Which of the following belongs to the second step of human progress_____.

A、Many religions and inventions were made

B、People hunted animals just to survive

C、the early civilizations came into being

D、people started to learn science and art

4.Which could be the best title for the passage_____.

A、What is anthropology

B、The progress of human beings

C、The first civilizations

D、The Work of Anthropologists Dear Sirs

5.Which of the following statement is TRUE_____.

A、Furniture and movies belong to physical anthropology

B、Anthropologists are still trying to get new findings about people

C、the study of human beings began in Greek times

D、The first civilizations appeared only in Egypt and parts of Asia

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第6题

In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associat

ion. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honour of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 B.C.

The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonoured persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain, but events included boy's gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games.

On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honoured by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honour that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.

After an uninterrupted history of almost 1200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A.D. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896.

Nowadays, the Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities, including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing countries pay their own athletes' expenses.

The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun's rays. It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals, and it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modern conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.

In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games ______.

A．were merely national athletic festivals

B．were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colour

C．had rules which put foreign participants in s disadvantageous position

D．were primarily national events with few foreign participants

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第7题

The Greek historian Herodotus once made a list of the most extraordinary structures in the

world, which was known as the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Swiss explorer Bernard Weber thought the old list needed updating. He wanted everyone to vote for the worlds cultural treasures. In 2001, the New Seven Wonders Foundation was set up, inviting people around the world to vote. A group of building experts later reduced the list to 21 places. From 2006 to July 6, 2007, people around the world voted on their favorite places by using the Internet and cell-phones. There were about one hundred million votes in all. The results were announced on July 7 in a ceremony in Lisbon, Portugal. Here is the new list of world wonders. The Great Wall of China is one of the largest building projects on earth, extending for over 7 000 kilometers and built to defend against foreign invaders. The oldest parts of the wall were built over 2 600 years ago. More recent parts were built about 500 years ago. The emperor Qin Shihuang created the first united China about 2 200 years ago and connected the different parts of the wall into one huge system. Chiehen Itza is a temple city built by the Mayans over 1000 years ago in what is now Mexico. Many large stone structures were built during different periods with different styles. One holy building is a triangular-shaped(三角形的)step pyramid called the Temple of Kukulean. This huge structure has a staircase on each of the four sides that leads to the religious altar(祭坛)at the top. There are many other temples and even a large court area where the Mayans played ball games. Christ the Redeemer(基督像)is a large religious statue on a hill overlooking the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Catholic religious leaders in the city started planning the project in the 1920s. This 38 meter statue of Jesus was completed in 1931. It is made of concrete and soapstone materials. Christ the Redeemer was designed by the Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa and the French sculptor Paul Landowski.

What is the text mainly about？

A．The New Seven Wonders of the world.

B．The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

C．Bernard Weber"s attempt to update information.

D．The three new wonders of the world.

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第8题

Called by many critics the greatest achievement of English lyrical poetry, this elegy was

written upon the death of a fellow alumnus of Milton's, Edward King, who was drowned in the Irish Sea in 1637. A group of King's former schoolmates at Cambridge issued a commemorative volume titled Obsequies to the Memory of Mr. Edward King (1638). It was in this limited publication that Lycidas first appeared. Heretofore, of his great poems only Comus had been published, and that anonymously.

Lycidas is not an expression of personal grief (personal grief was to be eloquent in Milton's next important poem, the Latin Epitaphium Damonis), but rather a record of the thoughts that King's death evoked in the poet. King had written verses himself and had prepared himself for the Church. These two facts of the dead man's career form. the basis for what Milton had to say. Outwardly the poem is written in the tradition of pastoral poetry, and more particularly in the tradition of the pastoral elegy as exhibited in the ancient Greek Lament for Bion by Moschus. The poet is spoken of as a shepherd. But Milton introduces the innovation of identifying the Christian idea of shepherd (pastor) as meaning priest. In a wonderful fusion of pagan and Christian tradition, Milton makes his elegy the occasion for a scathing attack on the corruptions of the clergy in his time, with parenthetical thrusts of scorn at his trivial contemporaries, the Cavalier poets.

Samuel Johnson, who disliked all pastoral poetry, made the one outstandingly foolish judgment of his career, in dismissing Lycidas as a work of an. He said its "diction is harsh, the rhymes uncertain, and the numbers unpleasing, "--a testimony of the fact that Johnson was deaf to the refinements of English poetry at its subtlest, for Lycidas is an exquisite piece of music from the first line through the last. Moreover, Johnson was upset at the mingling of "trifling fictions" with "the most awful and sacred truths, such as ought never to be polluted with such irreverent combinations." That pronouncement can only mean that Johnson failed to grasp the noble idea at the center of the poem: Milton's definition of the high function of a poet.

Samuel Johnson disliked Lycidas because ______.

A．he was deaf

B．he made a foolish judgment

C．it was a pastoral poem

D．he was not a friend of Edward King

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第9题

Most firms' annual general meetings （AGMs) owe more to North Korea than ancient Greece. By

Most firms' annual general meetings (AGMs) owe more to North Korea than ancient Greece. By long-standing tradition, bosses make platitudinous speeches, listen to lone dissidents with the air of psychiatric nurses towards patients and wait for their own proposals to be rubber-stamped by the proxy votes of obedient institutional investors. According to Manifest, a shareholder-advice firm, 97% of votes cast across Europe last year backed management.

So should corporate democrats be cheered by the rebellion over pay at Royal Dutch Shell？ At the oil giant's AGM on May 19th, 59% of voting shareholders sided against pay packages for top executives. In particular they disliked 4.2 million ($ 5.8 million) in shares dished out to five executives, which comprised about 12% of their total pay for 2008．Under the firm's rules, such awards should be granted only if Shell's total return in the year is in the top three of its peer group. In 2007 and 2008, Shell came a very close fourth, so the firm decided to pay out anyway.

Shell is hardly a poster child for malfeasance: it is performing well, its pay is similar to that at other big oil firms and its shareholders previously gave directors discretion to bend the rules. They have used it to cut pay in the past. Still, although the vote is not binding, it is seriously embarrassing. The turnout was decent, at about 50%, and several big fund managers were clearly furious. The payouts have already been made and probably cannot be reversed, but Shell will be in disgrace for a while. Jorma Ollila, its chairman, said he took the vote "very seriously" and promised to "reflect carefully". After GSK, a British drugs firm, had a rebellion on pay in 2003, it completely redrew its pay policy.

It is not just Shell that is facing unrest. Rough markets and a wider political uproar over pay have fuelled discontent across corporate Europe. Almost half of the voting shareholders at BP, another oil giant, failed to support its pay policies in April. At Rio Tinto, a mining firm with a habit of digging holes for itself, a fifth of voting shareholders rejected its remuneration policy. So far this year 15% of votes cast on pay in Britain have dissented, compared with 7% last year. In continental Europe owners are grumpy, too: in February almost a third of voting shareholders at Novartis, a Swiss drugs firm, demanded the right to approve its remuneration policy each year.

But taking bosses to task for their ever-escalating salaries is not a substitute for keen oversight of performance and strategy. At Royal Bank of Scotland, which had to be rescued by taxpayers last year, 90% of voting shareholders rejected its pay policies last month. Yet back in August 2007, 95% of them ticked the box in support of the acquisition of ABN AMRO, the deal that brought the bank to its knees.

What can we infer from "most firms' annual general meetings (AGMs) owe more to North Korea than ancient Greece" in the first paragraph？

A．In the AGM there are some Greek traditions to be followed.

B．In the AGM, most of the time investors will vote in favour of the company's proposals without proposing any objections.

C．AGM was first created by North Korea and then accepted by European countries.

D．In the AGM it is always the case that any proposal will encounter severe debate, as Greeks are in strong favour of rhetoric.

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