Have a look at Paragraphs 5 to 8 to find out how the writer lists three questionable payments with s
ome examples. Then fill out the chart below.
Paras. 5-8
The first category consists of substantial payments made for political purposes or to secure major contracts. For example, one US corporation offered a large sum of money in support of a US presidential candidate at a time when the company was under investigation for possible violations of US business laws. This same company, it was revealed, was ready to finance secret US efforts to throw out the government of Chile.
In this category, we may also include large payments made to ruling families or their close advisers in order to secure arms sales or major petroleum or construction contracts. In a court case involving an arms deal with Iran, a witness claimed that £1 million had been paid by a British company to a "negotiator" who helped close a deal for the supply of tanks and other military equipment to that country. Other countries have also been known to put pressure on foreign companies to make donations to party bank accounts.
The second category covers payments made to obtain quicker official approval of some project, to speed up the wheels of government. An interesting example of this kind of payment is provided by the story of a sales manager who had been trying for some months to sell road machinery to the Minister of Works of a Caribbean country. Finally, he hit upon the answer. Discovering that the minister collected rare books, he bought a rare edition of a book, slipped $20,000 within its pages, then presented it to the minister. This man examined its contents, then said, "I understand there is a two-volume edition of this work." The sales manager, who was quick-witted, replied, "My company cannot afford a two- volume edition, sir, but we could offer you a copy with a preface!" A short time later, the deal was approved.
The third category involves payments made in countries where it is traditional to pay people to help with the passage of a business deal. Some Middle East countries would be included on this list, as well as certain Asian countries.
Three broad categories of bribery or questionable payments
The first category consists of substantial payments made for political purposes or to secure major contracts.
Example 1: A US company offered a large sum of money to support a US presidential candidate when it was being investigated for possibly breaking the laws.
Example 2: ____________
Example 3: ____________
Example 4: There are countries putting pressure on foreign companies to make donations to party bank accounts. (Paras. 5-6)
The second category covers ____________.
Example: A sales manager tries to sell road machinery to the Minister of Works of a Caribbean country. ____________
A short time later, the deal was approved. (Para. 7)
The third category involves ____________.
For example, some Middle East countries as well as certain Asian countries would pay such money. (Para. 8)