The experiment ended in failure ______the lack of money. A. as B. by C. for D. w

The experiment ended in failure ______the lack of money.

A. as

B. by

C. for

D. with

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第1题

In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of ex

periments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 【B1】 workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 【B2】 giving their name to the " Hawthorne effect, " the extremely influential idea that the very 【B3】 of being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.

The idea arose because of the 【B4】 behavior. of the women in the plant. According to 【B5】 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 【B6】 what was done in the experiment; 【B7】 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 【B8】 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 【B9】 to alter workers' behavior. 【B10】 itself.

After several decades, the same data were 【B11】 to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. 【B12】 the descriptions on record, no systematic 【B13】 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.

It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 【B14】 interpretations of what happened. 【B15】 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 【B16】 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 【B17】 to rise for the next couple of days. 【B18】, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers 【B19】 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 【B20】 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.

【B1】

A．affected

B．achieved

C．extracted

D．restored

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第2题

In 1879, Richard Henry Pratt founded the Carlisle Indian School, a remarkable 40-year chap

ter in this country's failed social policy regarding Native Americans. Pratt's faith could be simply described as: "Kill the Indian, Save the Man!" to eradicate any manifestations of their native culture. When four decades of forcible education ended in 1918, it wasn't clear what Pratt's experiment had killed and what it had saved. But there was one indisputably notable legacy—the Carlisle football team. In the early 20th century, the Carlisle Indians ascended to the pinnacle(顶点) of the collegiate game. In those years, it began to engage all the Ivy football powers on the gridiron(运动场). And from 1911 to 1913, including the season in which the legendary Jim Thorpe returned from the Olympics to score 25 touchdowns, Carlisle had a 38-3 record, including a 27-6 rout of West Point.

Washington Post sportswriter Sally Jenkins has produced a fascinating new book, "The Real All Americans": The Team That Changed a Game, a People, a Nation (Doubleday. $24.95), that examines the Carlisle legend in wonderful detail. At the turn of the century, football was exploding on the college scene, particularly at the Ivy elites, where the sons of the gentry could prepare for the rigors of leadership on the gridiron. They preferred their football brutal. Conversely, the Carlisle team was undermanned and seriously undersized.

But Carlisle was blessed with gifted athletes and a wizard of a coach, Pop Warner. Because Carlisle couldn't match the brute force of its rivals, Warner created an entirely new brand of football, relying on speed, deception and guile. In that 1903 Harvard game, Carlisle used the hidden ball trick to score on the second-half kickoff. While the return man pretended to cradle the ball, another player had it tucked into a pocket sewn inside the back of his jersey and ran unmolested 103 yards for a touchdown.

Carlisle developed new blocking techniques that compensated for its size disadvantage: the spiral throw that put the long pass, with its premium(优势) on speed, into the offense and a repertoire of fakes; reverses and misdirection that remain a central part of the game. It took brains to concoct the schemes and intelligence to execute them. These innovations did not go unrecognized. After Carlisle trounced Army in 1912, The New York Times hailed the conquerors from Carlisle for playing "the most perfect brand of football ever seen in America".

Still, today this country celebrates football like no other sport. Jenkins does a marvelous job of making an intimate connection between our beloved, modern game and the unlikely team that, a century ago, helped make it what it is today.

By saying" Kill the Indian, Save the Man", Pratt probably means ______.

A．to kill all the Indians in America and save American whites.

B．to remove the Indian culture from Indians without killing them.

C．to eliminate American natives in order to save the rest of Americans.

D．to indoctrinate Indians with the western culture to protect Americans.

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第3题

The experiment proved（to be)a success in the end．

The experiment proved(to be)a success in the end．

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第4题

The struggle between the drug company and the Government over pricesfinally _____ in