题目内容
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The author concludes that only shared myths can help Americans ______.
A．to bring about the uniformity of their culture.
B．to regain their consensus about a common experience.
C．to perceive the effects of consensus about society.
D．to stay away from negative feelings in their life.
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更多“The author concludes that only…”相关的问题
In the last paragraph, the author concludes that______.
A．the weather is a universal topic for human communication
B．phatic communication differs from culture to culture
C．the English and people in many other European countries have common language for phatic communication
D．every culture has its own way to communicate ideas
The passage concludes that ______.
A．dogs are more domesticated than cats
B．dogs are more lovable animals than cats
C．though different, dogs and cats have their charms
D．both dogs and cats can be kept as pets in one house
The writer concludes that school rules to forbid smoking ______.
A．should be introduced, for it really works at the school where he once studied
B．should not be introduced, for it may cause disturbance
C．should be introduced though it may not work effectively
D．needn't be introduced as long as teachers don't smoke in front of children
A multimodal transport operator's name is ABC Line, the agent's name is Smith Forwarders, please sign the multimodal transport document in the form of "agent for the MTO".
____________________________________
____________________________________
signature
Questions are based on the following passage．
In the 1960s and 1970s， classic social psychological studies were conducted thatprovided evidence that even normal， decent people can engage in acts of extreme crueltywhen instructed to do so by others. However， in an essay published November 20 in theopen access journal PLOS Biology， Professors Alex Haslam and Stephen Reicher revisitthese studies" conclusions and explain how awful acts involve not just obedience， butenthusiasm too——-challenging the long-held belief that human beings are "programmed"for conformity.
This belief can be traced back to two landmark empirical research （实证研究 ）programs conducted by Stanley Milgram and Philip Zimbardo in the 1960s and early1970s. Milgram"s "Obedience to Authority" research is widely believed to show thatpeople blindly conform. to the instructions of an authority figure， and Zimbardo"sStanfordPrison Experiment （SPE） is commonly understood to show that people will take onabusive roles uncritically.
However， Professor Haslam， from the University of Queensland， argues that tyrannydoes not result from blind conformity to rules and roles. Rather， it is a creative act offollowership， resulting from identifying with authorities who represent vicious （恶意的 ）acts as virtuous （善良的 ） .
"Decent people participate in horrific acts not because they become passive，mindless functionaries （公职人员 ） who do not know what they are doing， but ratherbecause they come to believe——typically under the influence of those in authority——thatwhat they are doing is right，" Professor Haslam explained.
Professor Reicher， of the University of St Andrews， added that it is not that theywere blind to the evil acts they were committing， but rather that they knew what they weredoing， and believed it to be right.
These conclusions were partly informed by Professors Haslam and Reicher"s ownprison experiment， conducted in 2002 in collaboration with the BBC. The study generatedthree findings. First， participants did not conform. automatically to their assigned role;second， they only acted in terms of group membership to the extent that they identifiedwith the group; and finally， group identity did not mean that people simply accepted theirassigned position——it also empowered them to resist it.
Although Zimbardo and Milgram"s findings remain highly influential， ProfessorHaslam argues that their conclusions do not hold up well under close empirical scrutiny.
Professor Reicher concludes that tyranny does not flourish because offendersare helpless and ignorant; it flourishes because they are convinced that they are doingsomething worthy.
What does the author mean by saying "human beings are ‘programmed‘for conformity" （Line 6， Para. I）？ 查看材料
A.Human beings are designed to defy the instructions of others.
B.Human beings are forced to listen to the advice of others.
C.Human beings are ordered to take advice of others.
D.Human beings are made to be obedient to others.
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)
Could HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, be weakening？ The results of a study conducted in Belgium, at the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp, seem to suggest that in one corner of the world it might be. The report, published in the latest issue of AIDS, a specialist journal, concludes that HIV's ability to replicate (known technically as its virulence) may have decreased since the start of the pandemic. Kevin Aden, the lead author of the paper, stresses that the study is based on a small set of samples and does not prove that HIV's virulence is attenuating around the world. However, it does offer new insights into the evolution of the disease.
Dr. Arien looked at 24 blood samples collected from untreated patients attending an HIV/ AIDS clinic in Antwerp. A dozen of these samples were taken between 1986 and 1989; the other 12 were collected between 2002 and 2003. First, he analyzed the samples to find their viral load (the number of virus particles per cubic centimeter) and the subtype of virus involved. In Europe and North America, the predominant subtype is B; in sub-Saharan Africa, where the epidemic is at its worst, the predominant subtype is C. Most of Dr. Arien's samples were of subtype B. Having done this analysis, he paired the samples off for a series of replicative "duels". Each sample from the earlier series was matched with the most similar one from the later series, and they were placed in identical cell cultures to see which would multiply the most. The result was that 75% of the viruses from 2002-03 were less virulent than apparently similar counterparts from 1986-89—a statistically significant observation.
Dr. Arien's caution is sensible, at least until someone replicates the work elsewhere. But his conclusion is not necessarily surprising. Such viral attenuation, as it is known, is one way that vaccines are produced.
What causes attenuation in wild viruses, though, is a matter of speculation. Dr Arien believes that in this case the attenuation could be the result of what he calls "serial genetic bottlenecks" during transmission from host to host. These act to reduce the genetic diversity (and thus the replicative fitness) of the virus. Genetic diversity is known to be an important component of HIV's virulence. But what might cause the bottlenecks is still unclear.
A second reason for caution besides the small size of the study is, as Geoffrey Garnett, a professor of microparasite epidemiology at Imperial College, London, points out, that the ability of a virus to infect cells in a test-tube is not the same as its ability to cause disease and death in a human host. Nevertheless, Dr Aden's result is intriguing, and surely worth following up in a larger piece of research.
The word "attenuating"(Paragraph 1) most probably means
A．weakening.
B．accentuating.
C．accelerating.
D．increasing.
The researchers of the study believe that there are two【7】explanations.. First, prosecutors often win【8】office if they win well-publicized cases. When a black kills a white, such killings gets more【9】and this idea can be【10】by many famous cases. 【11】, the court judges at the state level are often【12】to elections, called retention elections. Retention election or judicial retention within the United States court system, is a periodic process, in which the voter【13】approval or disapproval for the judges presently【14】their position, and a judge can be removed from the position if the【15】of the citizens vote him or her out. Just as the researchers【16】out, death penalty is【17】political.
The findings of the study, in short, show that American justice systems clearly【18】white lives more than those of blacks or Hispanics. The researchers also say their findings【19】serious doubts about【20】that the U.S. criminal justice system is colorblind.
(1)
A．convicted
B．charged
C．believed
D．sentenced
The author thinks of advertisements as ______.
A．convincing
B．instructive
C．influential
D．authoritative
