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In the last decade or two we have seen movements toward equality as well as defiance of authority. Jeans, now worn by everybody, can be said to symbolize these changes for the better. In the past, only men wore jeans, and these men were at the bottom—socially and economically. Jeans were worn by truck drivers, farm and factory workers. Today, jeans no longer are looked down upon. They are worn by both men and women, by both skilled and unskilled workers, by both employees and employers. This common way of dressing symbolizes respect for individuality, no matter what your occupation or sex. In the fight against authority, young people have been the leaders. So it is natural that teenagers would defy parents and school administrators over the right to wear jeans to class and win. Jeans are the typical dress of civil rights marchers, fans at rock concerts, "hippies" returning to nature, and serious college students.
Because everyone can be comfortable in them, the blue jeans invented for the use of workers are now accepted almost anywhere, anytime. This is true not only in the United States, but in many other countries in the world. I strongly agree with the following statement: "Old or new, glorified or plain, jeans are likely to be around for a long time to come. Already they have succeeded where statesmanship has failed. Although unable to speak the same language, the inhabitants of this embattled planet have at least agreed to wear the same pants."
Jeans, originally designed by Levi Strauss, ________.
A．have become a symbol of the fashionable class
B．have come to symbolize changes in social attitude
C．are suitable wear for rough work only
D．are no longer so popular as they used to be
When they drove down, over the River Thames and into the city centre, they found it was not so peaceful after all! The main streets were packed with traffic: cars, lorries, coaches full of tourists and the bicycles which the students use to get about. But as soon as they had managed to park the car and get away from the roaring traffic, they discovered a completely different world. Narrow cobbled (铺圆石子的) streets which had hardly changed since the Middle Ages ran between the high college walls of grey or yellow stone. Inside the great double gates of each college they found quiet squares of grass, the library, the dining-hall and the rooms where the students and teachers live. Many colleges had the most beautiful gardens where one could sit and read, talk work or dream.
Most of the students, or undergraduates, wore informal clothes: sports coats, or pullovers, and slacks. But some of them were wearing their black gowns. George explained that they had to wear these when going to lectures or to their weekly meeting with their tutor, or teacher. Tom and Anne were very surprised to see a few young men dressed in formal black suits, with ties ,gowns and scholars' caps. Anne asked whatever they were doing, wearing evening dress in the morning ! George laughed and said that this was the official dress for taking examinations, many of which were held in June.
They stopped the car on top of a hill in order to ______.
A．see the spires and the domes
B．see Oxford
C．to park their car
D．to see the colleges
【24】he managed to get a job in a butcher's shop during the daytime, and another in a hospital at night .In the shop, he learnt to cut meat up quite nicely, so the butcher often left him to ", all the serving while he went into a room behind the shop to the accounts. In the hospital,【25】he was, of course, allowed【26】only the simplest job, like【27】to lift people and to carry them from one part of the hospital to another. Both at the butcher's shop and at the hospital, Dick had to wear white clothes.
One evening at the hospital, Dick had to help to carry a woman from her bed to the place where she【28】an operation. The woman was already feeling【29】at the thought of the operation before he【30】to get her, but when she saw Dick, that finished her. "No! No!" she cried, "Not my butcher! I won't be operated on by my butcher!"
(36)
A．Although
B．In spite of
C．No matter
D．Though
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A ,B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET I. (40 points )
Text 1
In 1967, in response to widespread public concern aroused by medical reports of asbestos that related deaths, the National Medical Research Council organized a committee of enquiry to investigate the health threats associated with the use of asbestos in the building industry.
After examining evidences provided by medical researchers and building workers and management, the Council published a report which included advices for dealing with asbestos. The report confirmed the findings of similar research in the United States and Canada. Exposure to relatively small quantities of asbestos fibers, they concluded, was directly responsible for the development of cancers, asbestosis and related diseases. Taking into account evidence provided by economists and building industry management, however, the report assumed that despite the availability of other materials, asbestos would continue to play a major role in the British building industry for many years to come because of its availability and low cost.
As a result, the council gave a series of recommendations which were intended to reduce the risks to those who might be exposed to asbestos in working environments. They recommended that, where possible, asbestos free materials should be employed. In cases where asbestos was employed, it was recommended that it should be used in such a way that loose fibres were less likely to enter the air. The report recommended that special care should be taken during work in environments which contain asbestos. Workers should wear protective equipment and take special care to remove dust from the environment and clothing with the use of vacuum cleaner.
The report identified five factors which determine the level of risk involved. The state and type-of asbestos is critical to determining the risk factors. In addition, dust formation was found to be limited where the asbestos was used when wet rather than dry.
The choice of tools was also found to affect the quantities of asbestos particles that enter the air. Machine tools produce greater quantities of dust than hand tools and, where possible, the use of the latter was recommended.
A critical factor takes place in risk reduction is the adequate ventilation of the working environment. When work takes place in an enclosed space, more asbestos particles circulate and it was therefore recommended that natural or machine ventilation should be used. By closely following these advices, it was claimed that exposure can be reduced to a reasonably practical minimum.
21. Exposure to asbestos fibres can cause cancer ______.
A) only when asbestos is used in building industry
B) only when it is used in large quantities
C)even if it is used in small quantities
D) if they are used when wet rather than dry
Each day every person in the United States throws away more than five pounds of garbage(垃圾). There is more garbage now than ever before and most of it is made up of the packages and cans in which we put our food. The traditional way of getting rid of solid wastes is quickly becoming inadequate. Many cities are experimenting with newer ways of handling their growing piles of garbage.
One of these new ways is "recycling"(回收使用). Through recycling usable materials are taken out of garbage and made into something else. These usable parts of garbage are put through the cycle of going from a raw material to a finished product again.
In some cities a machine called Hydrapulper is being used to help recycle garbage. A Hydrapulper is like a huge mixing machine. The garbage is dropped onto a conveyor belt (传送带) that feeds the machine. At the same time, water is pumped into the Hydrapulper. With a mixing action, the Hydrapulper throws out the heavy metal objects that can later be sold as waste metal. The rest of the garbage—paper, food, plastic, rubber, glass, wood, leaves, and other items—falls apart. The waste is then mixed with water and carried to another piece of equipment where glass, sand and small pieces of metal are thrown out.
With the Hydrapulper, up to 95 percent of the original garbage is made again useful. The rest turns into furnace ash(炉灰).
Traditionally, garbage is thought to be ______.
A．a worthless burden to big cities
B．something that can be reused
C．a raw material for making new products
D．able to be recycled but difficult to handle
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)
In 1967, in response to widespread public concern aroused by medical reports of asbestos that related deaths, the National Medical Research Council organized a committee of enquiry to investigate the health threats associated with the use of asbestos in the building industry.
After examining evidences provided by medical researchers and building workers and management, the Council published a report which included advices for dealing with asbestos. The report confirmed the findings of similar research in the United States and Canada. Exposure to relatively small quantities of asbestos fibers, they concluded, was directly responsible for the development of cancers, asbestosis and related diseases. Taking into account evidence provided by economists and building industry management, however, the report assumed that despite the availability of other materials, asbestos would continue to play a major role in the British building industry for many years to come because of its availability and low cost.
As a result, the council gave a series of recommendations which were intended to reduce the risks to those who might be exposed to asbestos in working environments. They recommended that, where possible, asbestos free materials should be employed. In cases where asbestos was employed, it was recommended that it should be used in such a way that loose fibres were less likely to enter the air. The report recommended that special care should be taken during work in environments which contain asbestos. Workers should wear protective equipment and take special care to remove dust from the environment and clothing with the use of vacuum cleaner.
The report identified five factors which determine the level of risk involved. The state and type of asbestos is critical to determining the risk factors. In addition, dust formation was found to be limited where the asbestos was used when wet rather than dry.
The choice of tools was also found to affect the quantities of asbestos particles that enter the air. Machine tools produce greater quantities of dust than hand tools and, where possible, the use of the latter was recommended.
A critical factor takes place in risk reduction is the adequate ventilation of the working environment. When work takes place in an enclosed space, more asbestos particles circulate and it was therefore recommended that natural or machine ventilation should be used. By closely following these advices, it was claimed that exposure can be reduced to a reasonably practical minimum.
Exposure to asbestos fibres can cause cancer ______.
A．only when asbestos is used in building industry
B．only when it is used in large quantities
C．even if it is used in small quantities
D．if they are used when wet rather than dry
In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher (肉商)， the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus (剩余) bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.
The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast way of well-tried techniques already existed-natural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling…
What refrigeration did promote was marketing-marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.
Consequently, most of the world s fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house-while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.
The fridge' s effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contrinbution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don’t believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers, but at least you’ ll get rid of that terrible hum.
The statement “In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily.”(Line 1, Para. 2) suggests that______.
A．the author was well-fed and healthy even without a fridge in his fifties
B．the author was not accustomed to using fridges even in his fifties
C．there was no fridge in the author' s home in the 1950s
D．the fridge was in its early stage of development in the 1950s
A.wrong
B.false
C.bad
D.harmful
A budget (预算) is a spending plan. It can help you spend money wisely. It can do this by cutting out wasteful spending. Of course, preparing a budget takes planning, and following a budget takes willpower (自制力). Your budget should meet your family's needs and income.
The first step in creating a budget is to set your goals. What does your family need and want？ You must know all that to work out the details of the budget. Never spend more than you can. Then decide which goals are the most important.
The next step is estimating family income. Before you can plan wisely, you need to know how much money you have to spend! Write down all the money you expect to receive (wages, saving, interest, etc.) during the planned budget period.
After you have calculated how much money will be available, it is time to estimate expenses. List all of your family expenses.
If you are not satisfied with what you got for your money, look carefully at your spending. Studying you records will show where overspending has occurred. It will also point out poor buying habits.
It is also a good idea to set aside a small amount of money for emergencies (紧急情况). Every family has small emergencies: a blown tire, a broken device, or the need for medical care.
According to the passage, what is the advantage of a budget？
A．It can help you set your goals clearly.
B．It can help you save a lot of money.
C．It can help you get rid of poor buying habits.
D．It can help you spend money wisely.
Door-Knocking
Door-knocking is the most effective way of making face-to-face community contact, but it has become a lost art. With the recent focus on customer privacy, door-knocking seems like an intrusion into other people' s lives. But those who try it for the first time are usually surprised by the pleasant reception they receive. Here are some suggestions that will help you promote your services face-toface.
BEFORE YOU GO OUT
◆ Begin with a door hanger
Try leaving a door hanger two days before you go door-knocking. It should briefly describe the project and say that someone will be around in person.
◆ Wear an official name tag
Door-knockers should wear name tags with the logo of their organization. The best name tags will also include a color photo and the name of the caller.
◆ Have people knock their own blocks
The easiest way to do door-knocking is to try your local area first. Being a neighbor creates an immediate connection with the person answering the door; after that, everything else is easy.
◆ Find a good excuse to door-knock
A short survey about local concerns or a current project is a good excuse. Figure out responses for various situations. What if the person who answers the door cannot speak English? What if a child answers the door?
WHEN YOU GO OUT
◆ When to go and what to do first
The best times to knock are usually Saturdays. On other days, after dinner is ideal. When someone answers the door, smile and introduce yourself; say you are a volunteer and, if it helps, state where you live. Give the name of your organization and, briefly, the reason for the visit.
◆ State what action the other person should take and the benefits
Tell the person what they need to do and how their actions will benefit themselves and others. If a person hesitates, emphasize benefits you' ve already mentioned and then, if necessary, add further benefits. If a person agrees, follow up immediately. If possible, get a donation,a signature, or a promise.
◆ Record contact information on the spot
Record names, addresses, e-mail addresses, phone numbers, and responses to questions on the spot. You won' t remember them later!
（1）Why does the author say that door-knocking has become a lost art?
A. It is not effective, no one will take this method any more.
B. People focus on privacy increasingly, so door-knocking seems like an intrusion into other people' s lives
C. It is very difficult to do door-knocking， no one knows how to do it now.
（2） Which step should be firstly taken when you try door-knocking?
A. Find a good excuse to door-knock
B. Wear an official name tag
C. Leave a door hanger
（3） What does the underlined phrase “on the spot” mean?
A. without delay
B. at some place
C. in a difficult situation
（4） Which time is not appropriate for door knocking?
A. Saturday afternoon
B. Monday morning.
C. Thursday evening.
（5） Who will receive pleasant reception when they try door-knocking?
A. A stranger who is not living in this community and gives no notice for his/her visit.
B. An offensive acquaintance who comes at any time.
C. A neighbor who does good preparation and has significant project to introduce.
Part B ［A］ Analyzing your own taste
［B］ Being cautious when experimenting
［C］ Finding a model to follow
［D］ Getting the final look absolutely right
［E］ Learning to be realistic
［F］ Making regular conscious choices
When we meet people for the first time, we often make decisions about them based entirely on how they look.
And, of course it’s something that works both ways, for we too are being judged on our appearance.
When we look good, we feel good, which in turn leads to a more confident and self-assured manner. People then pick up on this confidence and respond positively towards us,
Undoubtedly, it's what's inside that's important, but sometimes
we can send out the wrong signals simply by wearing inappropriate clothing or not spending enough time thinking about how others see us.
41___________
For example, people often make the mistake of trying to look like someone else they’ve seen in a magazine, but this is usually a disaster as we all have our own characteristics.
Stand in front of a fulllength mirror and be honest with yourself about what you see.
There is no need to dwell on your faults—we all have good points and bad points—but think instead about the best way to emphasize the good ones.
42___________
When selecting your clothes each day, think about who you’re likely to meet, where you’re going to be spending most of your time and what tasks you are likely to perform. Clearly,
some outfits will be more appropriate to different sorts of activity
and this will dictate your choice to an extent. However, there’s no need to abandon your individual taste completely. After all,
if you dress to please somebody else’s idea of what looks good, you may end up feeling uncomfortable and not quite yourself.
43___________
But to know your own mind, you have to get to know yourself.
What do you truly feel good in？ There are probably a few favourite items that you wear a lot—most people wear 20 per cent of their wardrobe 80 per cent of the time.
Look at these clothes and ask yourself what they have in common.
Are they neat and tidy, loose and flowing？ Then look at the things hanging in your wardrobe that you don’t wear and ask yourself why.
Go through a few magazines and catalogues and mark the things that catch your eye. Is there a common theme？
44___________
Some colors bring your natural colouring to life and others can give us a washed-out appearance. Try out new colours by all means,
but remember that dressing in bright colours when you really like subtle neutral tones,
or vice versa, will make you feel selfconscious and uncomfortable.
You know deep down where your own taste boundaries lie. And although it’s good to challenge those sometimes with new combinations or shades,
take care not to go too far all at once.
45___________
So, you’ve chosen an outfit that matches your style,
your personality, your shape and your colouring. But does it fit？ If something is too tight or too loose,
you won’t achieve the desired effect, and no matter what other qualities it has, it won’t improve your appearance or your confidence. Sometimes,
we buy things without thinking. Some people who dislike shopping grab the first thing they see,
or prefer to use mail-order or the Internet. In all cases, if it doesn’t fit perfectly, don’t buy it, because the finer details are just as important as the overall style.
Reappraising your image isn’t selfish because everyone who comes into contact with you will benefit. You’ll look better and you’ll feel a better person all round. And if in doubt, you only need to read Professor Albert Mehrabian’s book Silent Messages to remind yourself how important outward appearances are.
His research showed that the impact we make on each other depend 55 per cent on how we look and behave,
38 per cent on how we speak and only 7 per cent on what we actually say.
So, whatever stage you are at in your life, whatever role you play, isn’t it time you made the most of yourself？
第41题：
