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Mass production, the defining characteristic of the Second Wave economy, becomes increasin

gly obsolete as firms install information intensive, often robotized manufacturing systems capable of endless cheap variation, even customization. The revolutionary result is, in effect, the demassification of mass production.

The shift toward smart flex techs promotes diversity and feeds consumer choice to the point that a Wal-Mart store can offer the buyer nearly 110,000 products in various types, sizes, models and colors to choose among. But Wal-Mart is a mass merchandiser. Increasingly, the mass market itself is breaking up into differentiated niches as customer needs diverge and better information makes it possible for businesses to identify and serve micro markets.

Specialty stores, boutiques, superstores, TV home-shopping systems, computer based buying, direct mail and other systems provide a growing diversity of channels through which producers can distribute their wares to customers in an increasingly demassified marketplace. When we wrote Future Shock in the late 1960s, visionary marketers began talking about "market segmentation". Today they no longer focus on " segments" but on " particles "—family units and even single individuals. Meanwhile, advertising is targeted at smaller and smaller market segments reached through increasingly demassified media.

The dramatic breakup of mass audiences is underscored by the crisis of the once great TV networks, ABC, CBS, and NBC, at a time when Tele-Communications, Inc. of Denver, announces a fiber optic network capable of providing viewers with five hundred interactive channels of television. Such systems mean that sellers will be able to target buyers with even greater precision. The simultaneous demassification of production, distribution and communication revolutionizes the economy and shifts it from homogeneity toward extreme heterogeneity.

Which is true about "mass production" according to the author？

A．It promotes further development in manufacturing systems.

B．It defines the Second Wave economy and will last.

C．It involves intensive information, automation, and customization.

D．It is becoming dated for the present economy.

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更多“Mass production, the defining …”相关的问题
第1题
Two brilliant ideas made possible the mass production of automobiles.（）
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第2题
From the passage we may infer that the Toyota's Partner______.A．is much better than. any o

From the passage we may infer that the Toyota's Partner______.

A．is much better than. any other robots

B．is no more than a mechanic device

C．may be put into mass production

D．may speak like a man

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第3题
According to the passage, how did Bessemer method make the mass production of steel possib
le？

A．It directed air at melted iron in a furnace, removing all impurities.

B．It slowly heated iron ore then stirred it and heated it again.

C．It changed iron ore into iron which was a substitute for steel.

D．It could quickly find deposits of iron ore under the ground.

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第4题
Henry Ford brought great benefit to car owners because ______.A．he created wealth for them

Henry Ford brought great benefit to car owners because ______.

A．he created wealth for them

B．he made cars with all kinds of colors

C．his mass production was able to bring the price down

D．he produced a gasoline engine as the power for his cars

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第5题
Advertising is a form. of selling. For thousands of years there have been individuals who
have tried to persuade others to buy the food they have produced or the goods they have made or the services they can perform.

But the mass production of goods resulting from the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century made person-to-person selling less efficient than it previously was for most products. The mass distribution of goods that followed the development of rail and highway systems made person-to-person selling too slow and expensive for almost all companies. At the same time, however, a growth in mass communication occurred first in newspapers and magazines, then radio and television that made mass selling possible. Advertising, then, is merely selling or salesmanship functioning in the paid space or time of various mass communication media.

The objective of any advertisement is to convince people that it is in their best interests to take an action the advertiser is recommending. The action may be to purchase a product, go to a showroom to try the product, use a service, vote for a political candidate, make a contribution, or even to join the army. Like any personal salesperson, the advertisement tries to persuade. The decision is the prospects.

While advertising brings the economies of mass selling to the manufacturer, it produces benefits for the consumer as well. Some of those economies are passed along to the purchaser so that the cost 5f a product sold primarily through advertising is usually far less than one sold through personal salespeople. Advertising also brings people immediate news about products that have just come on the market. Finally, advertising pays for the programs on commercial television and radio and for about two thirds of the cost publishing magazines and newspapers.

Person to person sale failed to meet the need ______.

A．when the Industrial Revolution started

B．when goods began to be produced in great quantities

C．because trains replaced men in carrying goods around

D．as attention was shifted from distribution to production

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第6题
Advertising is a form. of selling. For thousands of years there have been individuals who
have tried to (1)_____ others to buy the food they have produced or the goods they have made or the services they can (2)_____.

But in the 19th century the mass production of goods (3)_____ the Industrial Revolution made person-to-person selling inefficient. The mass distribution of goods that (4)_____ the development of the highway made person-to-person selling (5)_____ slow and expensive. At the same time, mass communication, first newspapers and magazines, (6)_____ radio and television, made mass selling through (7)_____ possible.

The objective of any advertisement is to convince people that it is in their best (8)_____ to take the action the advertiser is recommending. The action (9)_____ be to purchase a product, use a service, vote for a political candidate, or (10)_____ to join the Army.

Advertising as a (11)_____ developed first and most rapidly in the United States, the country that uses it to the greatest (12)_____. In 1980 advertising expenditure in the U.S. exceeded 55 billion dollars, or (13)_____ 2 percent of the gross national product. Canada spent about 1.@2 percent of its gross national product (14)_____ advertising.

(15)_____ advertising brings the economies of mass selling to the manufacturer, it (16)_____ benefits for the consumer (17)_____. Some of those economies are passed along to the purchaser so that the cost of a product sold primarily through advertising is usually far (18)_____ than one sold through personal salespeople. Advertising (19)_____ people immediate news about products that have just come on the market. Finally, advertising (20)_____ for the programs on commercial television and radio and for about two thirds of the cost of publishing magazines and newspapers.

A．request

B．oblige

C．affect

D．persuade

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第7题
The railroad industry could not have grown as large as it did without steel. The first rai
ls were made of iron. But iron rails were not strong enough to support heavy trains running at high speeds. Railroad executives wanted to replace them with steel rails because steel was ten or fifteen times stronger and lasted twenty times longer. Before the 1870's, however, steel was too expensive to be widely used. It was made by a slow and expensive process of heating, stirring and reheating iron ore.

Then the inventor Henry Bessemer discovered that directing a blast of air at melted iron in a furnace would burn out the impurities that made the iron brittle. As the air shot through the furnace, the bubbling metal would erupt in showers of sparks. When the fire cooled, the metal had been changed, or converted to steel. The Bessemer converter made possible the mass production of steel. Now three to five tons of iron could be changed into steel in a matter of minutes.

Just when the demand for more and more steel developed, prospectors discovered huge new deposits of iron ore in the Mesabi Range, a 120 long region in Minnesota near Lake Superior. The Mesabi deposits were so near the surface that they could be mined with steam shovels.

Barges and steamers carried the iron ore through Lake Superior to depots on the southern shores of Lake Michigan and Lake Erie. With dizzying speed Gary, Indiana, and Toledo, Youngstown, and Cleveland, Ohio, became major steel manufacturing centers. Pittsburgh was the greatest steel city of ail.

Steel was the basic building material of the industrial age. Production skyrocketed from seventy seven thousand tons in 1870 to over eleven million tons in 1900.

According to the passage, the railroad industry preferred steel to iron because steel was ______.

A．cheaper and more plentiful

B．lighter and easier to mold

C．cleaner and easier to mine

D．stronger and more durable

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第8题
The combined sales of the 100 largest foreign investing companies in the U. S. increased b
y a 40% in the two years between 1977 and 1979, and the number has continued to increase steadily. In 1980 South Africa proved to be the largest financial investor in the U. S. controlling about $19. 2 billion in sales. The Netherlands and the U. K. follow as second largest investors--and Germany next. New to the list of the top 100 foreign investors are 12 banking and finance and insurance companies--the largest, the Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corp. , from Hong Kong. The number of Latin American companies engaged in business here is growing steadily, often through third country holding companies.

Why are so many firms coming to the U. S. ？ There are many reasons. One of the greatest attractions, of course, is a market of over 200 million consumers with a high average per capital income. In addition, with the devalued dollar the cost of American labor has declined significantly, relative to many foreign labor costs. Some firms seeking to avoid economic and/or political pressures at home find the U. S. a politically stable environment in which to work.

Many hope to be able to continue selling to the American market even if the U. S. government restricts imports further, or if major price changes occur due to currency fluctuations (波动). Many foreigners are attracted by U.S. technology, its modem management methods, its labor saving and mass production techniques.

In 1980 the largest foreign financial investor in the U. S. was from ______.

A．H.K.

B．U.K.

C．Latin America

D．South Africa

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第9题
（非英语专业做）Increasingly over the past 10 years, People especially young people have bec

（非英语专业做）

Increasingly over the past 10 years, People especially young people have become aware of the need to change their eating habits, because much of the food they eat, particularly processed foods, is not good for health. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in natural foods: foods which do not contain chemical additives and which have not been affected by chemical fertilizers widely used in farming today.

Natural foods, for example, include vegetables, fruit and grain which have been grown in soil that is rich in organic matter. In simple terms, this means that the soil has been nourished by unused vegetable matter, which provides it with essential vitamins and minerals. This in itself is a natural process compared with the use of chemicals and fertilizers, the main purpose of which is to increase the amount but not the quality of foods grown in commercial farming areas.

Natural foods also include animals which have been allowed to feed and move freely in healthy pastures. Compare this with what happens in the mass production of poultry: There are battery farms, for example, where thousands of chickens live crowded together in one building and are fed on food which is little better than rubbish. Chickens kept in this way are not only tasteless as food; they also produce eggs which lack important vitamins.

It is significant that nowadays fiber is considered to be an important part of a healthy diet. In white bread, for example, the fiber has been removed. But it is present in unrefined flour and of course in vegetables. It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour and vegetables, certain diseases are comparatively rare. Hence the emphasis placed on the eating of whole meal bread and more vegetables by modern experts on "healthy eating".

People have become more interested in natural foods because______.

A．they like changing their diet from time to time

B．they want to eat food that is more delicious

C．much of the food they eat is no longer considered to be healthy

D．they want to be fashionable

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