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Each advance in microscopic technique has provided...

Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new perspectives on the function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention of the visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced a previously unknown realm of single celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron microscope have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now another type of microscope, one that utilizes X rays rather than light or electrons, offers a different way of examining tiny de tails; it should extend human perception still farther into the natural world.

The dream of building an X-ray microscope dates to 1895; its development, however, was virtually halted in the 1940's because the development of the electron microscope was progressing rapidly. During the 1940's, electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope, while the performance of X-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In recent years, however, interest in X-ray microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such as the development of new sources of X-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness available today is millions, of times that of X-ray tubes, which, for most of the century, were the only avail able sources of soft X-rays.

The new X-ray microscopes considerably improve on the resolution provided by optical microscopes. They can also be used to map the distribution of certain chemical elements. Some can form. pictures in extremely short times; others hold the promise of special capabilities such as three-dimensional imaging. Unlike conventional electron microscopy, X-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water, which means that biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state. The illumination used, so-called soft X rays in the wavelength range of twenty to forty angstroms (an angstrom is one ten-billionth of a meter), is also sufficiently penetrating to, image intact biological cells in many cases. Because of the wavelength of the X rays used, soft X-ray microscopes will never match the highest resolution possible with electron microscopes. Rather, their special properties will make possible investigations that will complement those performed with light-and-electron-based instruments.

What does the passage mainly discuss？

A．The detail seen through a microscope.

B．Sources of illumination for microscopes.

C．A new kind of microscope.

D．Outdated microscopic techniques.

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更多“Each advance in microscopic te…”相关的问题
第1题
根据以下内容回答题：If you asked people what the most important invention has been，manv wou

根据以下内容回答题：

If you asked people what the most important invention has been，manv would say the printing press．Others(1)say the wheel．But even though it's(2)whether the appear- ance of the printing press affected the course of history more than the wheel，the printing press(3)within the top two or three inventions in history．

(4)the telephone，the television，the radi0，and the computer，the written word was the only way to(5)ideas to people too far away to talk with．Until the 6th or 7th century．all books had to be written(6)．Creating a book was difficult，and very few existed．Therefore，very few people read books．

In the 6th and 7th centuries，the Chinese invented a way to print pages by(7)characters and pictures on wooden，ivory，or clay blocks．They would print a page from the block by putting(8)on the block and pressing paper onto the ink．This(9)is called letterpress printing．The invention of letterpress printing was a great advance in communication(10)each block could be inked many times and many copies of each page could be made．Many books could now be made．Therefore，many people could read the same book．

请回答（1）题 查看材料

A.might

B.ought to

C.had to

D.should

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第2题
Implied but not stated is that ______. （)A．laser-doppler radar is more accurate than micr

Implied but not stated is that ______. ()

A．laser-doppler radar is more accurate than microwave radar

B．microwave radar may not ensure absolute precision in measuring varying speeds

C．the light-beam radar can measure only slow speeds with accuracy

D．microwave radar operates at a higher frequency than laser-doppler radar

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第3题
University teaching in the United Kingdom is very different at both undergraduate and grad
uate levels from that of many overseas countries.

An undergraduate course consists of a series of lectures, seminars and tutorials and, in science and engineering, laboratory classes, which in total account for about 15 hours per week. Arts students may well find that their official contact with teachers is less than this average, while science and engineering students may expect to be timetabled for up to 20 hours per week. Students studying for a particular degree will take a series of lecture courses which run in parallel at a fixed time in each week and may last one academic term or the whole year. Associated with each lecture course are seminars, tutorials and laboratory classes which draw upon, analyze, illustrate or amplify the topics presented in the lectures. Lecture classes can vary in size from 20 to 200 although larger sized lectures tend to decrease as students progress into the second and third year and more options become available. Seminars and tutorials are on the whole much smaller than lecture classes and in some departments can be on a one-to-one basis (that is, one member of staff to one student). Students are normally expected to prepare work in advance for seminars and tutorials and this can take the form. of researching a topic for discussion, by writing essays or by solving problems. Lectures, seminars and tutorials are all one hour in length, whilst laboratory classes usually last either 2 or 3 hours. Much emphasis is put on how to spend as much time if not more studying by themselves as being taught. In the UK it is still common for people to say that they are "reading" for a degree. Each student has a tutor whom they can consult on any matter whether academic or personal. Although the tutor will help, motivation for study is expected to come from the student.

According to the passage, science and engineering courses seem to be more ________than arts courses.

A．motivating

B．varied

C．demanding

D．interesting

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第4题
Good sense is the most equitably distributed thing in the world, for each man considers hi
mself so well provided with it that even those who are most difficult to satisfy in everything else do not usually wish to have more of it than they have already. It is not likely that everyone is, mistaken in this; it shows, rather, that the ability to judge rightly and separate the true from the false, which is essentially what is called good sense or reason, is by nature equal in all men, and thus that our opinions differ not because some men are better endowed with reason than others, but only because we direct our thoughts along different paths, and do not consider the same things, for it is not enough to have a good mind: what is most important is to apply it rightly. The greatest souls are capable of the greatest vices; and those who walk very slowly can advance much further, if they always keep to the direct road, than those who run and go astray.

For my part, I have never presumed my mind to be more perfect than average in any way; I have, in fact, often wished that my thoughts were as quick, or my imagination as precise and distinct, or my memory as capacious or prompt, as those of some other men.

And I know of no other qualities than these which make for the perfection of the mind; for as to reason, or good sense, inasmuch as it alone makes us men and distinguishes us from the beasts, I am quite willing to believe that it is whole and entire in each of us, and to follow in the common opinion of the philosophers who say that there are differences of more or less only among the accidents, and not among the forms, or natures, of the individuals of a single species.

According to the author, the three elements that comprise the perfect mind are ______.

A．tenacity of thought, capacious memory, quickness of mind

B．precise imagination, tenacity of memory, quickness of thought

C．quickness of wit, ease of conscience, quickness of thought

D．promptness of memory, distinctness of imagination, quickness of thought

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第5题
A funny thing happened on the way to the communication revolution: we stopped talking

to each other.

1 was walking in the park with a friend recently, and his mobile phone rang, interrupting our conversation. There we were, walking and talking on a beautiful sunny day and - poof! -1 was cut off as if I had become absent from the conversation.

The park was filled with people talking on their cell phones. They were passing people without looking at them, saying hello, noticing their babies or stopping to pat their dogs. It seems that the limitless electronic voice is preferred to human contact.

The telephone is used to connect you to the absent. Now it makes people feel absent.

Recently l was in a car with three friends. The driver hushed the rest of us because he could not hear the person on the other end of his cell phone. There we were, four friends driving down the highway, unable to talk to each other because of the small thing designed to make communication easier.

Why is it that the more connected we get, the more disconnected I feel？ Every advance in communication technology is a setback(退步) to the closeness of human interaction.

With e-mail and instant message over the Internet, we can now communicate without seeing or talking to one another. With voice mail, you can make entire conversations without ever reaching anyone. If my mom has a question, Ijust leave the answer on her machine.

As almost every contact between human beings gets automatic, the emotional Distance index goes up. Pumping gas at the station？ Why say good-morning to the assistant when you can swipe you credit card at the pump and save yourself the bother of human contact？

Making a deposit at the bank？ Why talk to the clerk who lives in the neighborhood when you Ctin put your Ctird into the ATM l More and more, I find myself hiding behind e-mail to do a job meant for conversation orbeing relieved that voice mail picked up because I didn’t really have time to talk.

The technology devoted to helping me keep in touch is making me lonelier. I own a mobile phone, an ATM card, a voice-mail telephone, and an e-mail account.

Giving them up isn’t a choice. They are great for what they are intended to do. It’s their unintended results that make me upset. What good is all this gee-whiz technology if there isno one in the room to hear you crying out Gee whiz ？

26.The author’s experience of walking in a park with a friend recently made him feel ().

A.unhappy

B.funny

C.wonderful

27.According to the author, human contact in a park means ().

A.Iookmg at each other and saying hello when passing

B.noticing their babies and stopping to pat their dogs

C.both A and B

28.According to the author, the more connected we get in communication technology, the () we are.

A.more automatic

B.easier

C.more disconnected

29.What are the examples the author gives to explain his idea that every advance in communication technology is a setback to the closeness of human interaction？()

A.With e-mail and instant message over the Internet, we can now communicate without seeing or talking to one another

B.With voice mail, you can make entire conversations without ever reaching anyone

C.Both A and B

30.What is the unintended result of communication technology, according to the author？()

A.It makes communication easier and conversation possible everywhere

B.It actually creates a distance between people instead of bringing them together

C.It makes every contact between human beings automatic and makes people Feel connected

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第6题
University teaching in the United Kingdom is very different at both undergraduate and
graduate levels from that of many countries.

An undergraduate course consists of a series of lectures, seminars and tutorials and, in science and engineering, laboratory classes, which in total account for about 15 hours per week. Arts students may well find that their official contact with teachers is less than this average, while science and engineering students may expect to be timetabled for up to 20 hours per week. Students studying for a particular degree will take a series of lecture courses which run in parallel at a fixed time in each week and may last one academic term or the whole year. Associated with each lecture course are seminars, tutorials and laboratory classes which draw upon, analyze, illustrate or amplify the topics presented in the lectures. Lecture classes can vary in size from 20 to 200 although larger sized lectures tend to decrease as students progress into the second and third year and more options become available. Seminars and tutorials are on the whole much smaller than lecture classes and in some departments can be on a one-to-one basis (that is, one member of staff to one student). Students are normallyexpecte to prepare work in advance for seminars and tutorials and this can take the form. of researching a topic for discussion, by writing essays or by solving problems. Lectures, seminars and tutorials are all one hour in length, whilst laboratory classes usually last either 2 or 3 hours. Much emphasis is put on how to spend as much time if not more studying by themselves as being taught. In the UK it is still common for people to say that they are u reading for a degree I Each student has a tutor whom they can consult on any matter whether academic or personal. Although the tutor will help, motivation for study is expected to come from the student.

41.According to the passage, science and engineering courses seem to be mor______/than arts course

A. motivating

B. varied

C. demanding

D. interesting

42.Which of the following is the length of lectures or seminars or tutorials？,

A. 1 hour.

B. 2 hours.

C. 3 hours.

D. 15 hours.

43.In British universities, teaching and learning are carried out in .

A. a variety of ways

B. laboratory classes

C. seminars and tutorials

D. lectures and tutorials

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第7题
The SCC Procedure Under the SCC Rules three arbitrators are appointed unless the SCC Institute deci

The SCC Procedure

Under the SCC Rules three arbitrators are appointed unless the SCC Institute decides, at its discretion, that the arbitral tribunal should consist of a sole arbitrator. However the parties may agree otherwise. Each party appoints one arbitrator and the SCC Institute the third who will act as chairman of the arbitral tribunal, unless the parties have decided otherwise. There is no list of arbitrators but the parties may appoint any person of any nationality as arbitrator, as long as he is impartial and independent.

The parties may be represented or assisted by any person of any nationality in the proceedings.

The parties are also free to agree on :

·The place of arbitration

·The language to be used in the proceedings

·The law, or rules of law, to be applied to the substance of the case

The arbitrators act on the basis of presentations-both oral and written-submitted by the parties.

The award shall be rendered within six months and no appeal is permitted on the merits .

Claimant files its request for arbitration, appoints an arbitrator and provides the registration fee

The request for arbitration shall include the names and addresses of the parties and their counsel, a summary of the dispute, a preliminary statement of relief sought, a copy of the arbitration agreement and, the name and address of the appointed arbitrator.

The request may be faxed to the SCC Institute or sent by e-mail. However, if the request is extensive, paper copies are preferred. In such case, the request should be submitted in five copies.

At the same time as the request for arbitration is filed, the claimant shall pay a registration fee.

SCC Institute

The SCC Institute makes a preliminary check on its jurisdiction and, if the registration fee is provided, notifies the respondent.

Respondent submits its reply to the request for arbitration and appoints an arbitrator

The reply shall include comments on the request and the name and address of the appointed arbitrator. Furthermore, the respondent should submit any counterclaim or set- off claim and any objections regarding jurisdiction. The reply may be brief.

Failure from the respondent to submit a reply does not prevent the SCC Institute from proceeding with the arbitration.

SCC Institute appoints a chairman and determines the advance on costs

If the respondent fails to submit its reply, or if' the reply does not contain any information regarding an arbitrator, the SCC Institute appoints an arbitrator on the respondent's behalf.

Furthermore, apart from appointing the Chainnan and determining the Advance on Costs , the Institute decides the place of arbitration, should the parties not have determined it already.

Should the parties have decided another procedure regarding the appointment of the chairman, the SCC Institute will consider such decision.

Following the above said decisions the SCC Institute requests the parties to provide the advance on costs.

Claimant provides its part of the advance on costs

The advance on costs shall be provided in cash. However, part of the amount may be provided by way of a bank guarantee. The SCC Institute keeps model guarantees for such purpose.

Generally, Lhe parties are asked to provide the advance on costs with half each. Should the respondent fail to provide its part of the amount the claimant will be asked to provide the entire amount.

Respondent provides its part of the advance on costs

The advance on costs shall be provided in cash. However, part of the amount may be provided by way of a bank guarantee. The SCC Institute keeps model guarantees for such purpose.

Generally, the parties are asked to provide the advance on costs with half each. The respondent may not pursue a counterclaim wiLhout providing an advance on costs.

SCC Institute refers the case to the arbitral tribunal

Following the payment of the advance on costs, the case is referred to the arbitral tribunal.

The arbitral tribunal

The manner of conducting the proceedings is determined by the arbitral tribunal in compliance with the conditions set down in the arbitration agreement and the SCC rules. Due account is taken to the wishes of the parties.

Unless the parties have agreed on the language to be used in the proceedings, the arbitral tribunal will, after consultation with the parties, make such decision.

Unless the parties have agreed which law, or rules of law, shall apply to the merits of the dispute, the arbitral tribunal will apply the law, or rules of law, that it considers to be most appropriate.

The arbitral tribunal requests the claimant to submit a statement of claim. The respondent will be requested to submit a statement of defence.

Claimant submits its statement of claim

The claimant shall submit a statement of claim, including the following (unless already submitted) :

·The relief sought

·The material facts and circumstances

·A preliminary statement of evidence

The claimant may amend its claim in the course of the proceedings if the amendments are comprised by the arbitration agreement and the arbitral tribunal does not oppose thereto on account of the point of time of the amendment, the prejudice that may be caused to the other party or other circumstances.

Respondent submits its statement of defence

The respondent shall submit a statement of defence, including the following (unless already submitted) :

·A statement as to whether the respondent denies or accepts the relief sought by the claimant

·The material facts and circumstances

·Any counterclaim or set-off claim and the grounds therefore

·A preliminary statement of evidence

The respondent may amend its counterclaim or set-off claim in the course of the proceedings if the amendments are comprised by the arbitration agreement and the arbitral tribunal does not oppose thereto on account of the point of time of the amendments, the prejudice that may be caused to the other party or other circumstances.

The arbitral tribunal summons the parties to a hearing

An oral hearing shall be arranged if requested by either party, or if the arbitral tribunal considers it appropriate. The arbitral tribunal shall determine the time for the hearing, its duration and how it is to be organized, including the manner in which evidence is to be presented. When planning the hearing, the arbitral tribunal shall take into account the wishes of the parties.

At the hearing the parties shall, at the request of the arbitral tribunal, state the evidence on which they intend to rely.

Despite a party's failure to appear at the hearing, the arbitral tribunal may decide to continue the hearing and render an award.

The arbitral tribunal renders an award

An award shall be rendered not later than six months as from the date when the case was referred to the arbitral tribunal.

At the request of a party, a separate issue or part of the matter in dispute may be decided in a separate award.

If a party withdraws a claim the other party may request the arbitral tribunal to rule on the claim. A condition for such ruling is that the party requesting the award has paid an advance on costs.

When rendered an award is final and binding for the parties.

Questions for reading :

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第8题
Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by c

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

The planet's wild creatures face a new threat from yuppies, empty nesters, singletons and one parent families. Biologists studying the pressure on the planet's dwindling biodiversity today report on a new reason for alarm. Although the rate of growth in the human population is decreasing, the number of individual households is exploding. Even where populations have actually dwindled—in some regions of New Zealand, for instance—the number of individual households has increased, because of divorce, career choice, smaller families and longer lifespans.

Jianguo Liu of Michigan State University and colleagues from Stanford University in California re port in Nature, in a paper published online in advance, that a greater number of individual house holds, each containing on average fewer people, meant more pressure on natural resources. Towns and cities began to sprawl as new homes were built. Each household needed fuel to heat and light it; each household required its own plumbing, cooking and refrigeration. "In larger households, the efficiency of resource consumption will be a lot higher, because more people share things," Dr. Liu said. He and his colleagues looked at the population patterns of life in 141 countries, including 76 "hotspot" regions unusually rich in a variety of endemic wildlife. These hot spots included Australia, New Zealand, the US, Brazil, China, India, Kenya, and Italy. They found that between 1985 and 2000 in the "hotspot" parts of the globe, the annual 3.1% growth rate in the number of households was far higher than the population growth rate of 1.8 %.

"Had the average household size remained at the 1985 level," the scientists report, "there would have been 155m fewer households in hotspot countries in 2000. Paradoxically, smaller households do not mean smaller homes. In Indian River County, Florida, the average area of a one-storey, single family house increased 33 % in the past three decades."

Dr. Liu's work grew from the alarming discovery that the giant pandas living in China's Wolong reserve were more at risk now than they were when the reserve was first established. The local population had grown, but the total number of homes had increased more swiftly, to make greater inroads into the bamboo forests.

Gretchen Daily of Stanford, one of the authors, said: "We all depend on open space and wild places, not just for peace of mind but for vital services such as crop pollination, water purification and climate stabilization. The alarming thing about this study is the finding that, if family groups continue to become smaller and smaller, we might continue losing biodiversity—even if we get the aggregate human population size stabilised."

The first paragraph mainly tells us that

A．the amount of wildlife is diminishing.

B．the population of human is decreasing.

C．New Zealanders live an unstable life.

D．the structure of families is changing.

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第9题
A funny thing happened on the way to the communications revolution: we stopped talking

to one another.

I was walking in the park with a friend recently, and his cell phone rang, interrupting our conversation.There we were walking and talking on a beautiful sunny day and…I became invisible, absent from the conversation .

The park was filled with people talking on their cell phones They were passing people wi thout looking at them, say ing hello, noticing their babies or stopping to pat their dogs.It seems that the limitless electronic voice is preferred to human contact.

The telephone used to connect you to the absent.Now it makes people sitting next to you feel absent.Recently I was in a car with three friends.The driver hushed the rest of us because he could not hear the person on the other end of his cell phone.There we were, four friends driving down the highway, unable to talk to each other because of the small thing designed to make communication easier.

why is it that the wore connected we get.The more disconnected I feel？ Every advance in ommunications technology is a setback to the closeness of human interaction(互动).With email and instant message over the internet, we can now communicate without seeing or talking to one another.With voice mail, you can make entire conversations without ever reaching anyone.If my moe has a question, I just leave the answer on her machine.

As almost every contact we can imagine between human beings gets automated(自动化), the emot ional di stance index(疏远指数) goes up.Pumping gas at the station？ Why say good-morning to the assistant when you can swipe you credit card at the pump and save yourself the bother of human contact？ Making a deposit at the bank？ Why talk to the clerk who lives in the neight when you can put your card into the ATM？

More and more, I find myself hiding behind e-mail to do a job meant for conversation.Or being relieved that voice mail picked up because I didn ’t really have time to talk.The techno logy devoted to helping me keep in touch is making me lonelier

I own a mobile phone, an ATM card, a voicemail telephone,and an e-mail account.Giving them up isn' t a choice.They are great for what they are intended to do.It' s their unitended results that make me upset.What good is all this gee-whiz technology if there is no one in the room to hear you crying out“ Gee whiz”？

21.The author’s experience of walking in a park with a frier recently made him feel()

A.unhappy

B.funny

C.wonderful

22.According to the author, human contact in a park means()

A.looking at each other and saying hello when passing

B.noticing their babies and stopping to pat their dogs

C.both A and B

23.According to the author, the more connected we get in communication technology, the () we are

A.more automatic

B.easier

C.more disconnected

24.What are the examples the author gives to explain his idea that every advance in communication technology is a setback to the closeness of human interaction？()

A.With e-mail and instant message over the Internet.We can now communicate without seeing or talking to one another.

B.With voice mail, you can make entire conversations.without ever reaching anyone.

C.Both A and B

25.What is the unintended result of communication technology, according to the author？()

A.It makes communication easier and conversation possible everywhere.

B.It actually reates a distance between people instead of bringing them together.

C.It makes every contact between human beings automatic and makes people feel connected.

点击查看答案
第10题
There are many ways of dealing with offenders that do not involve the payment of money. On
e is probation, a system that takes many different forms in different jurisdictions but that essentially involves the suspension of sentence on the of fender subject to the condition that he is supervised while living in the community by a probation officer and possibly agrees to comply with such other requirements as the court many think appropriate. Usually, if the offender complies with the probation officer and commits no further offense while it is in force, no other penalty is imposed, but if he breaks the requirement of the order or commits another offense, he can be brought back before the court and punished for the original offense as well as the later one. In many U. S. states. probation is combined with a suspended sentence, so that the sentence the offender will have to serve if he breaks the order is fixed in advance; in England the sentence is not fixed in advance, and the court has complete discretion if there is a breach to sentence the offender for the original crime in light of his tater behaviour. English law allows suspended sentence of of imprisonment for a specified period (not more than two years), on condition that tile offender commit no further offense during the period of suspension. This is different from a probation order, as no supervision is required and no other conditions may be included in the order.

Other alternatives to prison are based on the idea of preventing an offender from committing further offenses, without necessarily confining him in a prison. The most familiar power of this kind is that of disqualifying an offender from driving a motor vehicle or from holding a driver's license. This power is available under the laws of most countries to deal with those offenders who either commit serious driving offenses, such as driving while intoxicated, or who commit repeated but less serious offenses, such as speeding. In many countries there exists a system in which the offender is awarded a number of points each time he commits a motoring offense; when the number of points accumulated reaches a certain figure, he is automatically disqualified for a specified period. Some countries allow courts to disqualify from driving those offenders who have used motor vehicles in commission of the crime for which they are being sentenced, with the aim of hindering the offender from committing further such offenses. Although attractive in the abstract, this seldom works well in practice, as the absence of a driver’s license may well prevent an offender from finding work after release from prison; as a result he may be likely to commit further crimes. Other forms of disqualification may be imposed on offenders convicted of particular types of crimes: a fraudulent company director may be disqualified from being involved in the direction of a company, a corrupt politician may be disqualified from holding public office, or a parent who sexually abuses his children may be deprived of parental authority over them.

The first paragraph is primarily about ______.

A．ways of dealing with offenders

B．the probation system

C．the suspension of sentence on the offender

D．the suspended sentence of imprisonment

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